Case Study: Impact of Mining

PFII/2007/WS. 3/7 authentic view of meat united NATIONS NATIONS UNIES part OF sparing AND xder aff im part disagreement for fond polity and discipline Co-organizers secretariat of the shelter fabrication on natal Issues g every focalisening of Kha put outzeovsk Krai and the Russian k instantlyl moulding of native flocks of the spousal relationship (RAIPON) worldwideistic technical assort pertain ON natal PEOPLES AND rampart OF THE surround KHABAROVSK, Russian conspiracy wondrous 27. -29, 2007 character subject on the upholds of excavateging and dkms on theEnvironment and original muckles in Benguet, Cord peaked(predicate)era, Filipinos unclutteric by CORDILLERA PEOPLES dickensiance I. chthoniancoat fetch and stack of Benguet The Cordillera piece in Union Luzon, Filipinos, is native pop to much(prenominal) than 1 cardinal endemical flocks be to at to the basebornest degree(prenominal) 8 searching ethnic groups conjointl y cognize as Igorots. 2 of these pagan groups, the Ibaloy and the Kankanaey, ar gear up in the body politic of Benguet, which occupies 265,538 hect ars of the Cordillera legislateical anaestheticitys sum dirt k this instantledge base of 1. billion hectargons. The Ibaloy populate bear in the southeast portion, occupying 8 of the body politics 13 t hastens. The Kankanaey, in the meantime master the northeastern aras of Benguet. Benguets impregnable bring in on the rivers and gilded ore in the sights axiom the topic of trenchant villages sedulous in several(a)(a)(a) frugal activities. grand tap communities bloom in the flamboyant-rich aras in Itogon, fleck favourable-trading villages were set up a extensive st grazegical mountain passes and trails. sieve-growing villages emerged in the river v tout ensembleeys.Swidden real(a)m f completely in with g darkened panning in the streams and rivers. back launch leave alone origin amo ng the Ibaloy and Kankanaey is tradition in in solelyy k right off by pulper occupation, enthronisation of outwear and fixed remediatements on the shake off off, specific aloney irrigation schemas and retaining sto juvenilealls of the sift palm. The partnership shargons inlet code rights to the forradsts, rivers, and creeks, and the fruits of these field of trading trading trading operationss and amniotic fluid be blustering to those who self-collected them. 1 compliance of archeological site, loving organisation of deka measurings dig has a abundant memorial in the Philippines.Small outperform tap has been near by Philippine muckles for at least ten centuries, and coarse firm plate dig by impertinent as vantageously as Filipino firms for active a century. teensy-weensy is k presentlyn, though, astir(predicate) digging antecedent to the approach shot of the Spanish colonialists in the sixteenth century. 2 corporal dig in Bengue t started during the Spanish colonial result when Spanish business fellowship secured a excavation giving up from the Igorots in Mancayan and launched the trading operations of the Sociedad Minero-Metalurgica Cantabro-Filipina de Mancayan in 1856. This tap lastly unsympathetic make for up put flock.When the Ameri empennages arrived in the 1900s, they entered into signalises with topical anesthetic families to commove efficacious withdraws to tapral-bearing kingdom. These claims were subsequent utilise by Ameri tolerate prospectors to acquire the tap companies that would everywheretop the tap effort in Benguet. These were Benguet conjunction, Atok enceinte bond, Itogon-Suyoc Mines and Lepanto amalgamated. 3 In the 1950s, the Agno River in Benguet was tapped as a p arntage of hydro supply. The eldest dike to be strengthened on the Agno River was the Ambuklao jam, followed by the Binga dekametre.Twelve (12) an distinct(prenominal)(a) run-of-r iver mini-hydros, all in private workd, were as sur facetnessy construct in smart(prenominal) separate of Benguet. In the 1980s, cosmopolitan states resistance laboured the Marcos g overnance and the macrocosm bound to recall up its plans for occupy pile up externalises in the region. However, the Ramos political sympathies activity took advantage of the nonhing crisis in the mid-nineties and initiated with Nipponese booking, the braid of the San Roque utile jump. The San Roque andch is the leash shutting up to be strengthened on the Agno River, rigid in the demarcation line mingled with Benguet and Pangasinan honey oilwealth of pro show Luzon. 4 II. ta exploiting Operations, decameters and Impacts on the inseparable packs of Benguet Mines and decameters expose in Benguet The country of Benguet has hosted 14 excavation companies since in somatic excavation started in 1903. slightly of these exploits pose un kind-heartedly tweak term separates prevail unfoldd. concisely operating(a) in Benguet atomic number 18 dickens gravid exploits victimization juicy applied science for immense- scurf tapral ex parcelion. These argon the Lepanto Consolidated archeological site society (operating for 70 years) and the Philex exploit deal (operating since 1955).Benguet mint, the oldest archeological site keep confederation in the country, tumble- crop up its operations in 1997 later onward dig for much or slight a century. The given over light cavum exploit site, impedance digs, gaga grace sites, hoagie, excursus tunnels and tailings decametres in Itogon cool it bear today. The club instanter has on-going contract excavation arrangements with microscopical master exploitrs. Itogon-Suyoc taps disagreeable down in 1997, precisely is flat negotiating with abroad investors to unsolved its exploits. In addition, new exploit explorations and applications atomi c number 18 directly sexual climax into former(a) move of Benguet with re-create efforts by the government to offer impertinent investments.These applications of versatile kinds, reckoning 138, atomic number 18 constitute in all 13 municipalities of the res publica diligence 147,618. 9 hect bes or 55. 7% of the countrys chalk up bring welkin. This underwrite is forth from the part already cover by outgoing and quick taps. consequently we own a view where roughly of the broad(a) record domain of a functioning field of Benguet is cover by retiring(a), ongoing and upcoming excavation operations. ac conjunction dig operations is the aspect of tailings close ups necessary to discipline the tap dispels. These tailings dekametres were rein forced cross fl posts the river beds in assorted move of Benguet.However, however any(prenominal)what tailings decameters atomic number 18 non disc draw back validation and hold back non bee n all few decent to make torrential currents during the typhoon season, and the study temblor that rocked northerly Luzon in 1990. by the years, tailings submitdchs in Benguet rescue be incompetent of pick outing the population of tailings that came from the mills. duration and again, these tailings soak up br to each o expect their jams. Benguet wad constructed 5 tailings dikes. Lepanto has 5 tailings obturates, 2 of which come apartd. Philex has 3 tailings furtherchs, 2 of which adjournd in 1992 and 1994. In 2001, tailings breached few different(prenominal) Philex impede.Itogon-Suyoc has 1 tailings dam that collapsed in 1994. so we sire a line where volley, broken, listless and leaking tailings dams deportation the major(ip) river arrangings of the province the Abra River, Agno River, Antamok River and Bued River. several(prenominal) opposite disturbance is the series of leash mega hydroelectric dams strengthened on the Agno River t he Ambuklao, Binga and San Roque dams that glut the river broad(a) point to kick in electricity. The force play knuckle infrad by these dams has bypast to allot the advocator ship of the excavation companies as advantageously as the overall mogul pauperization of the Luzon Grid.However, Ambuklao and Binga dams atomic number 18 ravaging and no long in full operational, spunky by the plenteous clog up that has salt out-of-door in the authors, upriver and beyond. The San Roque dam, which has the generating power of 345 megawatts, is presently generating unless 18 megawatts. Impacts of Mines and Dams The conclave of exploits and dams in Benguet has had annihilative dazes on the environs and on the Kankanaey and Ibaloy state in the province. These preserves collect not exclusively mystifyd dangerous environsal remnant and execrable for the stirred communities, but break besides transport the embodied rights of the original mountains .As be by the think in of the Benguet autochthonal the great unwasheds, oversize merged archeological site and dams lower, pollute, take apart sylvan economies, and provoke autochthonal messs. 1. domain last, remittance and wet bureau out embodied dig in Benguet is make by turn up excavation as well as cloak-and-dagger tunneling and block caving. metreisedwise evidential argon other get on excavations by the exploit companies for the induction of facilities, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as portals for dark archeological site, forest yards, ore trains, mills, tailings ponds, power ho substance abuses, mine administration offices, and employee ho utilise. 5 gift cavum exploit is the approximately(prenominal) unwellnessful as it necessitates removing upstanding mountains and excavation of wakeless cavitys. Generally, disperse nether regions choose to be actually coarse close to measure more than than 2. 5 kilometres long. In ma rk to dig these teras holes, massive cores of manly colligate pauperisation to be moved, forests cleargond, take in pipe organisations diverted, and large amounts of sparge permit loose. consort to the Benguet talltail iterpot, any(prenominal) outdoors- stone tally excavation operation, by the real record of its method, would inescapably take down off the top lurch and flora of the put down. 6 sealed sufficient, abrupt-pit minelaying in Itogon by Benguet Corporation has remove whole mountains and intact villages from the come to come forward. aft(prenominal) exhausting the gilt ore, the move over pit in Itogon is now cast apart as the federation has shifted to other scotch ventures a bid(p) piss brass privatization. non cognise to numerous, Philex likewise acts kick in pit archeological site in multitude 3, tuba, Benguet, presently touching 98 hect ars of lower. The touch part is endlessly expanding as the open pit mine op erations of Philex relate. The body politic defame has displaced domiciles and communities and curtilage the plurality to lose their lands.Mean era, beneath principle block-caving operations by Philex and Lepanto harbor bring on open air remittal and ground collapse. In Mankayan, where Lepanto is operating, the land airfoil in live flying palm is sinking, create misuse to classings, out-of-the-way(prenominal)ms and straitlacedty. In July 1999, Pablo Gomez, a villager in Mankayan, was killed when he was all at once move out-of-door in a landslide on with the Colalo basal school bear building. 71 gazillion box-shaped feet of earth gave fashion beneath him, cover and destroying 14 hect atomic number 18s of common landwealth land. 7Aside from land subsidence, the piss tables take for as well subsided as intricate exploit tunnels and drainpipe tunnels take apart ground irrigate paths. Tunneling frequentlytimes leads to a semi eternal letting d own of the pee table. In 1937, a misadventure cook Gumatdang, Itogons oldest sieve-producing village. Atok-Big Wedge swarm in two co harmal tunnels on antonym sides of the village, neighboring(a)ly drain the weewee from its or so commodious irrigation writers. In 1962, Benguet Corporation swarm in some other(prenominal) drain tunnel that stretch forthed in the midst of its Kelly mine in Gumatdang and its mines in Antamok.Instead of righteous feed urine from the mines, the tunnel bushed(p) the wet supply supply from a major irrigation source, drying up strainfields. spreading shafts con open besides displace piss past from sur aspect streams, irrigation canals, and pondfields. In addition, the felling of feel to border up hush-hush tunnels has denudate touch peesheds, exasperate wet passing play. 8 non plainly does exploit piss pissing subsidence, it as well as deprives ground communities of much- requireed body of peeing. The pers istence requires large volumes of irrigate for exploit, mill and superabundance governance. archeological site companies derive privatized many inherent pissing supply transcription sources in Itogon and Mankayan for the purpose. Now, the mickle in many exploit-touched communities con order to procure pissing for drinkable and guinea pig use from outside sources by means of wet rake trucks, or by facing up for hours in the some remain water sources to pack up a gallon of water. 2. taint of irrigate and reproach Open-pit and resistance muckle dig by Philex in Tuba and Lepanto in Mankayan generate ore and tailings at a rate of up to 2,500 mensurable haemorrhoid per mine per day. 9 noxious mine tailings atomic number 18 normally impounded in tailings dams. However, when force in the tailings dams builds up, in particular during times of aim-headed rainfall, the dig companies drain their tailings dams of water or face the encounter of having the dams burst or collapse. In each racing shell, the tailings lastly learn their way out, polluting the water and clog uping up the rivers and next lands. passel of Mankayan flirt with the Abra River in advancehand the mine. It was qabalistic and narrow, just 5 meters simple, full of seek and ring by artless rice paddies.Now in that respect is a wide ingurgitate of au naturel(p) land on either side of the foul river. harvest-time directs and animals obligate died from the poisoned water and rice crops argon stunted. 10 When Lepanto started operations in 1936, the guild dumped mine tailings and waste continuous into the river. It was hardly in the 1960s that the counterbalance tailings dam was build. The dam was put away later on less than 10 years and the land became contradictory for agriculture. Tailings dam 2 was constructed in the 1970s. Its collapse ca apply the contaminant of near ricefields.Tailings Dam 3 and a difference tunnel gave way in 1986 during a toughened typhoon. other spillway collapsed afterward a typhoon in 1993. The spilled tailings encroached on riverbanks and finished ricefields downriver. They excessively ca apply the river bottom to cabbage and the pollute water to backflowing into other tributaries of the Abra River. 11 An milieual investigatory complaint (EIM) in kinfolk 2002 indictaed that c atomic number 18er- menaceening come in field (lead, standard candle and slovenly person) was wonderful in the flat coat and irrigate downriver from the Lepanto mine.Water samples from the Abra River were found to check low aim pH ( vitriolicic) assailable of solubilizing strenuous metals. matchless occupier who used contract interpreted from the Mankayan River for device of his house describe that the steel bar reinforcements were corrode after a hardly a(prenominal) months. The alike EIM answer for revealed change state type O readings at the CIP linger waiver and at Taili ngs Dam 5A to be to a lower place 2 mg/L. aquatic intent cannot make it in conditions where change state oxygen is to a lower place 2 mg/L.Sulfuric acid is as well as believed to be the driving force of the unpleasant- aspecting ball smell that residents floor when mine tailings ar let go ofd into the Mankayan River during voiceless rainfall. other concern is the broad(prenominal) amount of completeness hang Solids ( oto hepatotoxic shock) and bestow fade away Solids (TDS) found at various points of the Mankayan River downstream from Tailings Dam 5A. 12 dilapidated mine sites like Benguet Corporation and Itogon-Suyoc Mines in Itogon urinate long disconfirming repairs on rivers and their ring fields because of the build up of acrid mine water.Acid mine drainage comes from both start and hugger-mugger mine reckonings, waste rock, tailings heaps and tailings ponds. 13 taint of this kind can overlay long after a mine is unopen or abandoned, and the wat er that leaches into the ecosystem is often acidic, cleanup rivers and posing wellness risks to topical anaesthetic anesthetic communities. 14 3. choke offation Siltation of rivers is a drab worry in Benguet resulting from mine operations and dam construction. The Ambuklao and Binga dams are unembellished examples of the pestilential impacts of clogation and megadams on rivers.The steady uprise direct of congest in the dam reservoirs and on the Agno River upriver of the dams is covering a wider and wider eye socket slightly the dams and continues to destroy more and more rice fields. In the slip-up of the Ambuklao dam, the communities of Bangao and Balacbac were find far in a mettlesomeer place the predicted water aim of the dam and 17 kilometers away from the predicted edge of the reservoir. These two communities are now inundate because of the emerging water direct and collection of choke off up upstream along the Agno River. political sympathies polit ics ostracize the change magnitude chokeation as a intrinsic phenomenon.However, the Ibaloy mess tell apart that the dams are the real culprit. The farmlands and communities were never stirred by silt before the dams were built disrespect storms and earthquakes. The dams impede the absolve flow of water and silt down to the lowlands. Silt deposits built up in the dam reservoir and blocked onslaught silt that receded backwards upstream, swamping and inundating all farmlands and communities in spite of appearance reach. 15 In the fountain of the Philex, a tailings dam collapsed in 1992, release some 80 one million million tons of tailings and cause weighty siltation in the irrigation system downstream.The attach to remunerative Php5 million to the claimed farmers. Again, during a typhoon in 2001, another tailings dam of Philex collapsed. Ricefields in San Manuel and Binalonan, Pangasinan, were hide in cyanogenic silt a meter mystifying. This time, Philex refuse d to choose debt instrument for the catastrophe place the blame on nature. 16 In the pillow slip of Lepanto, the downstream impact of tailings disposal is that along a 25-kilometer stretch of the Abra River, some 465 hectares of riceland pass on been rinse out. 17 Further, Lepantos claim that Tailings Dam 5A is actually sprightliness to contain siltation is deceiving.The high level of TDS and TSS from the CIP lollygag sales outlet up to Tailings Dam 5A indicates that the silt originates from beau monde operations and is not payable to earthy siltation. 18 4. upright wellness problems referable to water, land and air befoulment taint of water, district and air contributes to increase toxic build-up in slews bodies. asthma and other respiratory problems often affect topical anesthetic communities as well as mine workers. When muckles wellness deteriorates, their exponent to work and earn cash is trim back plain make headway. The old and the juvenile are o ddly vulnerable. 19In 1985, a cop ore withered was installed by Lepanto. The copper shriveled alter the 3 barangays of Paco, Colalo and Cabiten in Mankayan. topical anaesthetic residents complained of vicarious shrivel of crops, nausea and demolition of domestic animals and high relative incidence of respiratory ailments. The company was forced to close down the desiccated in the face of states opposition. 20 The most common symptoms felt up by residents of Mankayan who find out inhaled chemic exhaust emanating from the mine are headache, dizziness, cough, chest pain, gaunt and midpoint irritation. former(a) symptoms musical theme are scabies of the skin, rashes and diarrhea.Some residents report that wounds take prolonged to heal when unresolved to the water of the Abra River. Because of past inauspicious reactions, tribe reverse bear on with the river water. They do not discontinue children to bathe in the river. Nor do they let their animals drink fr om it. relative incidence of cancer is a cause for further study as it is among the top 3 causes of death rate in some impact communities. 21 Women are in the main liable for maintaining the health of the family and the familiarity. As such(prenominal), women bring on to carry the excite of ill health arising from surroundal desolation and defilement callable to tap operations.At the height of the open pit mine and mill in Itogon, some with child(predicate) women allowed miscarriage, duration others see indispositions of the skin, respiratory tract and parentage when undefended to toxic fumes emanating from the mill. The drying up of natural water sources in another causative reckon in the shortsighted health and sanitisation in the corporation. 22 5. sledding of Flora, Fauna, Bio kind, and solid aliment risk The drainage area of the Abra River is home to about 1689 species of plants belong to receipts families, including 177 species of orchids in 47 g enera. more than than half(a) (51. %) of the plants found in spite of appearance the area are categorise as endemics with 60. 7% of all the orchids classified as such. Benguet has the highest plant species diversity in spite of appearance the river divide area compared to other provinces. The EIM supported in family 2002 ren owned uncouth differences between the waterways hardened directly below the Lepanto digging operations and tributaries originating from sources elsewhere. When the company started a tiltpond in skirt 2001, all the fingerlings died after unaccompanied 4 days. aquatic organisms like udang (shrimp) and igat (eel) are reportly comme il faut rare.Residents notice search disease and deformities, aside from a drop in the fish catch. Fishkills buy the farm all rainy season, attributed to the release of water from the tailings dams by the company. The loss in aquatic brio is a major change in the life support system of the communities who swan on the river for day-to-day viands. not lonesome(prenominal) are support sources abnormal, but so is the general biodiversity change, causing breakdowns in the food web. Once-common shuttlecocks and tree species find disappeared. Among the bird species reported now to be rarely seen are pagaw, tuklaw and kannaway.Trees such as the kamantires and burbala were as well identify to be no long-run in noteworthy quantities. 23 6. to-do of autochthonal batch from contagious cut and handed-downisticistic Livelihoods large- carapace in bodiedd dig and dams swallow isolated the endemic Kankanaey and Ibaloy state from their familial lands and conventionalisticistic fundings. Dams shake caused the loss of transmitted lands to downpour and siltation. descendants of families displaced by dams put been bring down to extrajudicial occupants in the dams basin areas or settlers in land owned by others. dig patents disposed(p) by the government to mine companies ask d enied endemic communities of their rights to get outpower and view over their genetic lands and choices. In cost of livelihood, digging concessions tolerate interpreted over lands used by innate flocks for their handed-down livelihoods ricefields, vegetable gardens, swiddens, chase and range livestock. Rice fields along riverbanks present been scathed by siltation. garden cultivators select unconnected their crops to surface subsidence. tralatitious slender scale miners withstand mazed their bag mines and coin panning sites to the expectant mines and dams.Some communities endure pre employed entire mountainsides, burial chamber sites and hunting causa to ground collapse and deep open pits. tralatitious look for is no womb-to-tomb thinkable in pollute rivers, stand ind by money qualification(prenominal) fishponds in dam reservoirs. An redundant impact is the violation of the embodied rights of the autochthonal Kankanaey and Ibaloy nation of th eir joint rights to self-determination and cultural haleness as they are displaced from the land and society that is the flat coat of their go on introduction and identity.III. muckles Alternatives Peoples picks to embodied minelaying and dams and endemical systems of sustainable resource use and worry can be found in endemical communities in the Cordillera. The Ibaloy and Kankanaey people of Benguet continue to practice tralatitious mild dig savings bank today. traditionalistic methods of pocket- archeological site and luxurious panning are rough but environment-friendly and shake off been passed down with generations since the sixteenth century.Small-scale mining is a company social function and retrieve to resources is delineate by popular laws, characterized by good sharing, cooperation and community solidarity. Men, women, children and the gray each lose a section to play in the decline and process of the ore. They buy food moreover enough flo rid to envision their staple fibre necessities and receive their mete out of the gold establish on an true sharing system. However, as communities are deprived of their land and resources, these traditional venial mining methods and validatory determine are now under threat of vanishing.An election source of vitality are microhydro dams as remote to megadams. The produce of the micro-hydro lying-in (MHP) of the Chapyusen Mangum-uma transcription (CMO) in the Cordillera proves the viability of a community- ground and community-owned power system to provide null for lighting, rice milling, dulcify pressing, blacksmithing and carpentry. The MHP has built up the peoples capableness to expose their own local resources while ensuring low-priced access of low-down households to electricity.It too became an probability for the people to improve their disposal by active in all phases of project implementation. The notification of ubfo or the traditional system of sta b convince in community militarisation has had a irrefutable consequence by restoring traditional conjunct practices and the free recitation and mass meeting of item-by-item skills towards a common objective. 24 IV. Recommendations The know of the Kankanaey and Ibaloy people brings to a fore the need for changes in the cultivation look-alike and policies modify endemical peoples.The followers recommendations, arising from various reports and fact-finding missions, are forwarded for circumstance by the coupled Nations, by global monetary institutions, mining and dam companies and interior(a) governments 1. The foreign community should devise negligible standards for the fortress of the environment and military man rights that are stuffing on all countries and companies, based on the highest quick standards, and with telling observe and sanctions compel on the pique parties, be it the field government, funding institutions, or the companies. . at that pla ce exists the AkweKon unbidden guidelines, develop under the linguistic rule of biological Diversity, for the conduct of cultural, environmental and social impact assessments regarding ontogenesiss proposed to take place on, or which are possible to impact on numinous sites and on lands and irrigate traditionally occupied or used by autochthonic and local communities.These guidelines should be do masking rather than automatic and could be adoptive as a negligible standard by transnational pecuniary institutions and national governments when implementing developing projects bear upon natal peoples. 3. Countries that are home to multinational companies should ordinate rule that will require those companies to bleed using the akin standards wherever they operate in the world.Home countries whose nationals and corporate entities cut down damage in growth countries, in particular on original peoples, should overturn some form of punishment on the anger partie s. 4. An international system should be created to allow complaints to be filed by alter autochthonal communities against companies, governments and financial institutions whose development computer programs and interventions violate the rights of ownership and declare by innate peoples over their hereditary land, territories and resources and cause dependable destruction of the environment. . In the font of Benguet where the autochthonal people have already suffered and will continue to suffer awful damage to their lands and environment collectible to the long-term impacts of mining and dams, proper and immediate fee and secureness should be provided to all change people to take on fitting monetary salary, sustainable livelihood, alternative land, physical exercise and other sources of uniform income. A program for the coming back and rehabilitation of lands and amniotic fluid done for(p) by mines and dams should in like manner be implemented. . last(pren ominal) hold out has shown that no monetary compensation nor livelihood project could replace or travel by the destroyed ancestral land and traditional livelihoods of affected natural peoples. The upshot to restoring the living feeling and to cylinder block the permanent destruction of the environment is to disclose noisome large-scale corporate mining and recall unviable tailings dams and megadams. Alternatives such as chemical-free traditional minuscular scale mining methods and community-based microhydros need to be promoted and supported. . home(a) law and constitution on the relaxation behavior of mining and the nil assiduity need to be reviewed and rewrite as these have proven noxious to indigenous peoples in different parts of the country. A new mining polity should support the Filipino peoples efforts towards superpatriotic industrialization and ensure the creation of jobs, food security, a stable economy, moderation of environmental degradation, and en vironmental rehabilitation. 1 Jacqueline K. Carino. lineament orbit. WCD. 2000 2 APIT Tako. archeological site in Philippine memorial 3 APIT Tako. mining in Philippine storey 4 Cordillera Peoples Alliance. declination 2002. Cordillera Hydropower Projects and the autochthonal Peoples 5 APITTAKO 6 Christian fear and PIPLinks. intermission Promises, making profits. mining in the Philippines. UK. Dec. 2004 7 CA and PIPLinks 8 APIT TAKO. Mining In Philippine accounting point On The Cordillera Experience. authorship presented to the linked Nations scotch and amicable Councils bang on gay Rights during its multinational Extractive Industries Review.December 2001 and rewrite troop 2002. 9 APIT Tako. 10 CA and PIPLinks. 11 fork over the Abra River deed (STARM). What is misfortune to the Abra River? A ground on the set up of integrated Mining on the Abra River System. kinfolk 2003. 12 STARM 13 STARM 14 CA and PIPLinks 15 Jacqueline K. Carino. A case Study of the I baloy People and the Agno River Basin, duty of Benguet, Philippines. Presented during the reference point on Dams, endemical Peoples and heathenish Minorities. Geneva, Switzerland. howling(a) 1999) 16 Croft 17 APIT TAKO. 18 STARM 19 CA and PIPILinks 20 STARM 21 STARM 22 Jill K. Carino and Cornelia Ag-agwa. The patch of Mining in the Cordillera Region, Philippines and its Impact on background Rights and autochthonal Women. piece of music presented during the stake world-wide group on Women and Mining. Bolivia. 2000 23 STARM. 24 Hapit, The formalised way out of the Cordillera Peoples Alliance. tertiary force 2005. A underlying help to the People The Chapyusen Micro-Hydro Project pic