A Room with a View and a Room of One’s Own: Similarities in Anti-Victorian Themes

In reading â€Å"A Room with a View† and â€Å"A Room of One’s Own† I find that the two novels show similarities in their anti-Victorian themes. The conformity of the Victorian era is a concept of the past in these novels; both plots showcase a woman’s growth mentally and emotionally. In Victorian times women thinking freely or having goals was frowned upon, making any form of female growth go completely against the brain. Feminist themes and ideas are brought up throughout the text.The main characters of the two novels depict the early signs of the â€Å"new woman.† In â€Å"A Room with a View† Lucy goes through a maturation process where she finds her passionate qualities that have been repressed her whole life. â€Å"The following morning she realizes that: â€Å"It was pleasant to wake up in Florence, to open the eyes upon a bright bare room†¦ with a painted ceiling whereon pink griffins and blue amorini sport in a forest of yellow violins and bassoons.† Lucy’s poetic voice shows the reader that she is in tune with nature. George opens her mind to the concept of art for art sake, by teaching her to just appreciate the everyday nuances of life. The text shows Lucy’s journey from being raised to conform to becoming a free spirit ready to take on life and nature with a new zest.â€Å"A Room of One’s Own† shows the growth of a woman by depicting her climb from social futility. There is a theme of discrimination, through the denial of wealth to women throughout the book. When the narrator goes to the college dinner she notes that â€Å"the women eat a very plain and dull dinner while the men are served a rich and sumptuous lunch.† Women were treated like second-class citizens; this leads her to â€Å"scorn the poverty of her sex.†Her mentality is soon changed upon receiving her inheritance. Instead of living a life where only a few odd jobs were available to women or being a housewife, she is free to pursue the life she wants. This separates her from most women who at that time, were busy with either a low paying job or a family. She now has time to think. â€Å"One cannot think well or dine well without money.† Her view on life completely changes â€Å" I need not hate any man; he cannot hurt me. I need not flatter any man; he has nothing to give me.† She has achieved independence not common to women of the time.

Athletes Are Not Above the Law

Should any athlete be judged on what kind of person he or she is on or off the field, court, or swimming pool? The answer is yes, athletes should be punished for actions which occur in their own personal lives. In today’s world, sport stars and other athletes are looked up to by all ages. Everyone loves them. They look great in the eyes of the everyday public. They appear on television; they perform like rock stars, and do this with the entire world watching. But do athletes’ responsibilities affect only his or her performance on the field of play or does it also extend to his personal life as well? There are many who claim that it is wrong for a sophisticated society to force a set of behavior expectations on people who just happen to do extremely well in sports. â€Å"I am not a role model† (I’m Not a, par 1). That statement was said by former National Basketball Association (NBA) player Charles Barkeley. Some other players agree with him, in the fact, they do not and don’t expect to be considered role models (I’m Not a, par. 1). But the truth is, whether they like it or not, they are role models to many young fans who watch their every move on and off the field, and models their lives after how their favorite player does. Athletes should be judged on their actions off the field. First, they are role models to millions of young fans. Secondly, athletes are not above the law and should not be treated that way. Finally, they are representatives of their team, school, sport, and countries. First of all, athletes should be judge for their actions off the playing field because they are the role models of millions of young fans. Great athletes are always in the eye of the public and media, and their actions are seen both on and off the field, sometimes even when they think nobody is watching such as Olympic Gold Medalist and swimming phenomenon, Michael Phelps. Phelps is looked at as a national hero for is world record breaking efforts in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and a role model to millions of young kids all over the world. Recently, he was caught in a photograph smoking marijuana. In our exclusive photo Michael Phelps, who won a record EIGHT gold medals for swimming at the Beijing games last summer, draws from a bong†(Dickenson). Even though, Phelps thought he was in a trusted environment, and the photographer showed a severe lack of class in taking the photograph, just for a little cash. Phelps was seen by millions of people and the young fans who adore him and should be punished for is illegal actions not only by the law but in his sport, as well, because of his responsibility as a role model in the eyes of his young fans. Because of his of his great accomplishment and the affect it brought upon his young fans to model their lives after Phelps, what will his fans say when they are offered to smoke marijuana? â€Å"I saw Michael Phelps do it, so it cannot be that bad,† and make a wrong decision because of the actions of their hero. Athletes should be accounted for their actions of the playing fields because the negative influence they could put in the hands of their young fans. Secondly, athletes are not above the law, and should be monitored on and off the field. There are no double standard rules for athletes when they are in trouble with the law. They are regular human beings, such as you and I, and we should all be treated equally in the court of law: They are not above the law, and it's at least satisfying to see them pay the consequences as well (some of the time) like the regular folk. But, even if they are drunk or sober, should we at least expect some decent conduct in their spare time. These guys are doing what some of us hope or used to hope, happen to us. That is to get the opportunity to make a great salary doing something we love for a portion of the year! I’m Not a, par. 5) Athletes are not superior to the rest of us; they are just as prone to the consequences of the law as you or me. Athletes are not above the law, and should not be treated that way. They are just regular people like everyone else, they just have this lime light over their head twenty-four-seven. Finally, athletes represent their teams, schools, sports, and countries with every action they make on and off the field. When wearing the colors of their school or country while doing an unlawful act, it will give that rganization a bad reputation of leniency and not being a serious institution. â€Å"Two 20-year-old Duke University lacrosse players were arrested early Tuesday on charges of raping and kidnapping a stripper hired to dance at an off-campus party†(Duke Lacrosse Players, par. 1). Even though, the accusations were false and later dropped; the scandal forced the coach to resign, brought shame upon the university and the team’s season to an early end. Therefore, athletes are ambassadors of their teams, schools, sports and countries and they represent them on and off the field. Athletes are role models to millions of young fans. Secondly, athletes are not above the law and should not be treated that way. Finally, they are representatives of their teams, schools, sports, and countries. For those reasons, athletes should be judged for their actions off the field. Great competitors are always in the eye of the media, and decisions could affect the lives of their fans, team members, coaches, and clubs. So they should strive to not be only outstanding athletes on the field, but outstanding citizens off the field. Work Cited http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5348321

A report on the serious failures of winterbourne view Essay

Winterbourne View, and the company Castle Beck Care LTD, failed to protect the individuals in their care from various types of abuse. They were not protected adequately from harm, risk and the own unsafe practices of the staff employed there. Staff at Winterbourne View had failed in their legal duty to notify the Quality Care Commission of serious incidents, including injuries to patients and occasions when they had gone missing. see more:identify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse Ten essential standards, which the law requires providers to meet and Winterbourne View did not include; The managers did not ensure that major incidents were reported to the CQC as required. Planning and delivery of care did not meet people’s individual needs. They did not have robust systems to assess and monitor the quality of services. They did not identify and manage risks relating to the health, welfare and safety of patients. They had not responded to or considered complaints and views of people about the service. Investigations into the conduct of staff were not robust and had not safeguarded people. They did not take reasonable steps to identify the possibility of abuse and prevent it before it occurred. They did not respond appropriately to allegations of abuse. They did not have arrangements in place to protect the people against unlawful or excessive use of restraint. They did not operate effective recruitment procedures or take appropriate steps in relation to per sons who were not fit to work in care settings. They failed in their responsibilities to provide appropriate training and supervision to staff. The CQC report concluded that there were systemic failures in protecting people or to investigate allegations of abuse. Footage used in prosecutions showed member of staff repeatedly assaulting and harshly restraining patients under chairs, giving patients cold punishment showers, with one patient being left out in near zero temperatures and another having mouthwash poured in their eyes. Members of staff also pulled hair, poked people in the eyes, force fed medication and mocked patients to the extent one actually tried to escape through a second floor window to escape the torment. These are all massive failings of the staff and the company to provide a safe and secure environment for its service users. The CQC was also guilty of failing to investigate claims thoroughly. The case of Winterbourne View and the coverage that Panorama aired on television shocked the nation. Undoubtedly making a lot of people question the capability of the CQC as well as their local homes / services, where family members or friends may visit or live. The CQC held an internal inquiry and as a result there were many changes to various organisations. Winterbourne view inevitably closed and eleven people plead guilty to criminal offences of neglect or abuse. Six of which were jailed.

CONSENSUS PERSPECTIVE VS SOCIAL CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE Essay

CONSENSUS PERSPECTIVE VS SOCIAL CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE - Essay Example Members of society are constrained by social facts through their way of thinking, acting and feelings (Ritzer, 23). Moreover, belief and moral codes are passed from one generation to another as they are shared by individuals who make up the society. He says that collective conscience and social stability can only be achieved through consensus that consists of â€Å"common beliefs and sentiments. Without this consensus, social solidarity could be impossible as human being will not integrate with each other† (Ritzer, 25). Durkheim argues that collective conscience restricts individual to behave in accordance with the societal norms. His argument is based on the fact that the society is composed of various parts or institutions which are integrated to form it in order to produce social order. According to consensus; contract comes as a result of the consensus or the meeting of minds. Of any contracting parties without consensus there is no contract and hence it continues to be important and very essential to most of the approaches to contract law (Ritzer, 24). Apparently, most of the participants in the development of this theory tend to think that the growth and the history of consensus theory give a greater knowledge of the foundations of modern contract law. In addition they view the history consensus theory as a testing ground for dissimilar conceptions. The social conflict perspective is one of the major sociological models of understanding the social world. Mainly, this perspective has got three components. First, is that it has conflict which is common and continuing in the society. Second, is that the society is comprised of several classes of populace who have contradictory values and interests. Third, is that the conflict that is present in the society occurs between the dominant and the subordinate who have stiff competition over scarce resources. In this perspective, Karl Marx uses two groups to explain the

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Land Law - Essay Example Land law looks after people’s conflicting and competing interest to the land. There are circumstances that people share title to the land. Sometimes people have rights over land that is owned by another. A freeholder may have the legal right to the land however he does not have the legal right to posses or use or even access the land (FindLaw ____). Land law in England can sometimes be complex and so are the scenario presented with this paper. According to Land Registry Practice Guide 8, a deed is very important when it comes to dealing with land. There are only few exemptions to this, but in general a legal interest over a land cannot be established or conveyed without a deed (s.52 (1), LPA 1925). A deed has to have the following elements in order to be accepted legally as Deed: It must be very clear on its face that it is a deed that the person or parties that are making it are indeed making it to be a deed. This can be done by calling, entitling, or describing the document as it is and to be executed as a deed. A signature must be properly affixed to a document executed as deed (s.1 (4), LP (MP) A 1989). The name of the person to whom the deed is being executed must appear on the document, and the signature must properly be affixed to it. The same should be true with the person or parties executing the deed with names appearing on the document indicating all the signatories of the said document. Attestation – a deed should show proper attestation or witnessing. A deed must be signed in front of a witness who attests the signature (s.1 (3), LP (MP) A 1989). The address of the witness must be provided in order for the witness to be located in case the need arises. There are two kinds of a leasehold title: the absolute and the good leasehold. To be able to hold a leasehold title, the person must first own the lease and second, it must be rewarded or

Writing a report about 4 presentations and discuss them each Coursework

Writing a report about 4 presentations and discuss them each presentation 2 pages - Coursework Example n time we may become addicted to the internet and this presentation allowed us to judge our usage of internet and whether we need to take steps to curtail our growing addiction. This topic is very important and should be taken up by every class. In terms of the presentation, I very acutely felt that at this level, groups should not be reading material from their notes or slides. They should come well-prepared. Even though the group was well dressed and presentable, they did not focus on delivering a strong presentation. The group was not very professional in my opinion and one member was too quiet. The final speaker did not seem well-rehearsed. Since the final speaker was not very convincing, at the conclusion, the presentation seemed to fall apart. Since the last part remains in the minds of the viewers the most, the presentation became weak due to this. The beginning and end should always be strong to retain interest of the viewers. The good point of the presentation was the fact that the group was able to properly define the scope of their topic. In this way, they were able to exclude irrelevant information which made the presentation crisp and easy to understand. This also made the conclusion clearer and easier to grasp. However, the presentation lacked a little due to the fact that it was not very interest grabbing. If the group had included case studies in the presentation, the topic would have become more interesting and the students would have taken the concept home. They could have taken people from their own surroundings and researched on them. A profile of these addicts could have been developed which would have made the presentation more appealing to us- the viewers. Apart from that, the research depended on scholarly research which made the research more credible. Additionally, the content was up-to-date and taken from 2011 studies which was another good point. This aspect of the research made it convincing and created a professional look of the

Social media and it's affects on teens Research Paper

Social media and it's affects on teens - Research Paper Example The study seeks to register myriad problems spawned by excessive social media use like body image complex, poor performance in schools, limited interaction with family etc. in hopes to solve them. These problems will be solved by analyzing how limited exposure to social media benefits teenagers in context of psychological and emotional development and academic performance. Local teenagers will be included in the study as research participants. In addition to that, past and contemporary research studies on the subject of relationship between social media and teenagers will also be scrutinized to find out what they have to say regarding the scope of this problem. The research study aims to accentuate the reality of this growing problem that social media use urges teenagers to fit themselves into an ever narrowing ideal of physical beauty. Our society is quite merciless when it comes to the subject of physical appearance and growing social media use has only served to aggravate this problem for teenagers. It is no hidden reality that this impossible kind of social ideal is impressed upon our teenage population by social media. People have developed a habit of posting self-promoting selfies on their social media webpages to show others how well they are doing physically (Briggs, 2014). This kind of trend generated by social media affects teenagers the most because they have highly impressionable minds. By going online, these teenagers find â€Å"an endless supply of people to whom they can compare themselves† (Steiner-Adair, cited in Johnson, 2014). This is why social media has a potential to cast a shattering effect on teenagersâ€℠¢ body image. Resulting emotional turmoil can be enough to distract them from their studies and other social obligations. Research also confirms that the US social media environment is sexually charged. Females suffer even more than males in this regard as social media works to objectify girls’ appearance (Steyer, 2012,

Taxes Should Go Up for the Upper Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Taxes Should Go Up for the Upper Class - Essay Example Higher taxes should be imposed on the higher income group. According to Monsebraaten in her article which appeared on the Toronto Star, she cited the president of TD Bank, Ed Clark, to aver that â€Å"as the country emerges from recession, Ottawa should consider cutting taxes for low-income Canadians who are being hit by both economic restructuring and an inequitable tax system that "discourages people from participating in the workforce". As evaluated, higher taxes to be imposed even in low-income earners would discourage people from joining the workforce and thereby preclude the government from generating individual income taxes. This was corroborated by La Follete, who, in his article entitled â€Å"Taxes Should be Higher – but fewer and direct†, indicated that â€Å"taxes should be levied in proportion to the ability of the taxpayer to carry the burden. Graduated income and estate taxes are based upon this sound principle†.... This was corroborated by La Follete (1938), who, in his article entitled â€Å"Taxes Should be Higher – but fewer and direct†, indicated that â€Å"taxes should be levied in proportion to the ability of the taxpayer to carry the burden. Graduated income and estate taxes are based upon this sound principle† (La Follette, 1938, p. 23). In a closer look at the components of earnings being subjected to taxes, Kuhnhenn (2012) disclosed that the proposal from presidential contender, Mitt Romney, indicated that a tax cap on deductions must be explicitly set to $17,000 to prevent higher income earners to present large amounts of expenses to be deductable from their taxable amounts. As averred, â€Å"Mitt Romney's idea to impose a $17,000 limit on taxpayer deductions would hit hardest on wealthy Americans, who make the most use of deductions to reduce their tax burden†¦ Roberton Williams of the Tax Policy Center said higher income taxpayers are much more likely to i temize their deductions than lower income taxpayers. "So right away this is going to affect people at the top end more than at the bottom," he said† (Kuhnhenn, 2012, pars. 1 & 10). The effect is still higher tax revenues to be generated from the higher income group, who have the greatest potentials to earn from a variety of sources; therefore, it validly supports imposing higher taxes to the upper class group. Another point of contention that supports imposing higher taxes on the upper class is the inverted pyramid structure of income distribution. As emphasized by La Follette (1938), â€Å"the distribution of income among the people may be represented by the familiar figure of a pyramid. At the top are a few millionaires. At the bottom are the multitudes of people who have

Potential Career Paths in Animal Science in Western Australia Research Paper

Potential Career Paths in Animal Science in Western Australia - Research Paper Example Christiansen’s Farms enjoys average annual revenue of about $ 155 million (Anonymous). Christensen Farms is composed of individuals who collaboratively work together with the fundamental belief that different ideas and perspectives lead to better decision making. Christensen Farms enjoys being the leading innovator in the industry of pork production while at the same time enjoys new links to food chain in the farm. To ensure high quality products, the farm raises pastured Berkshire pork because it is tender, moist and flavorful pork that anyone can find anywhere. Job Description Located in the Midwest of the United States, Christensen Family Farms has one mission of being the leader in the production of wholesome, safe and high quality pork products to its customers (Anonymous). The organizational structure of the company is grouped into the management and non management levels. The management level includes the executive, who are four in number, and farm managers, who are sev en. The job functions are finance, marketing, sales, operations, and human resources among others. The position of the job in this structure is that of the farm manager in any of their farms. The specific daily tasks that are involved in this position are overseeing the general performance of the entire farm which includes motivation, Planning, organizing, directing, coordination and control of the farm. With the help of department supervisors, the manager also ensures that the employees carry out their tasks perfectly, the pigs are well fed, their houses are clean, the swine are slaughtered at the right time and at the right age, the processing of the products is carried out effectively and smoothly, and that the products are well stored to avoid contamination or spoilage. The manager’s main duty is to ensure that everything goes on smoothly so that the farm can increase its productivity for long-term profitability. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Job The job of a farm manag er has both strengths and weaknesses. Some of the strengths include: you are free to make the farm’s decision, you are the boss at the farm level, and you can enjoy many benefits like good housing, transport, medical, among others. Moreover, this job helps one to gain managerial experience as well as interactions with people from different social status. However, there are weaknesses in this job because the decision that you make must be well analyzed to ensure that the farms meet all its objectives, besides realizing profits. On the other hand, it is very hard to make decisions sometimes yet you may have no one to consult. Furthermore, all employees in the farm are answerable to you, something that makes this job very hard as some employees are very difficult to handle. The manager also has to deal with complex issues like resolving conflicts, firing rebellious employees as well as hiring new employees. All these call for not only academic qualification but good interpersona l skills. Interview Lessons for my Career Path From the interview, I learnt that this job can be a good starting point for my career dream of being a CEO in the future. This is because, it provides the skills and experience required to manage an even bigger farm or a much higher position. My future vision is to serve in a position that will give the opportunity to serve many customers with high quality products that ensure value for their money, as well meeting all the production

Financial Analysis of Sainsbury PLC Essay Example for Free

Financial Analysis of Sainsbury PLC Essay This report will focus upon the financial performance over a two year period of a FTSE 100 company. It will seek to ascertain how well the company has performed by scrutinizing profitability, liquidity, efficiency, gearing ratios and working capital. In addition to the aforementioned points, it will dwell upon economic factors to discuss the impact they have had upon the performance of the business. The FTSE 100 started in the year of 1984 and was based upon the 100 largest companies on the London Stock Exchange, and it is seen as an emblematic indicator for the strength of the British economy (iforex, trading section). FTSE 100 companies represent about 81% of the market capitalization of the London Stock Exchange (Nationwide Building Society, glossary section). Within it lies a substantial contribution to the UK economy and the economic power of these firms mean they would have a fairly large ripple effect upon the nation’s economy should there financial performance reach a state of discontentment. Subject company and history The subject company for this report will be J Sainsbury Plc which was founded in 1869 by John Sainsbury and his wife, Mary Ann Sainsbury in London (Sainsbury Plc, history section). The organization has grown to be one of the UK’s most eminent supermarkets. Some of its remarkable aspects include launching TU clothing in 2004, launching Try Something New Today in 2005 to promote healthy eating, and becoming the world’s largest fairtrade retailer in the year 2010 (it is understood that almost one in every four pounds spent on fairtrade products is at Sainsbury), in 2012 the organization became the proud sponsor to the Paralympic games (this will be diligently examined later in the report to see what effect, if any it has had upon the company’s revenue) (Sainsbury Plc, history section). In an industry predominantly owned by Tesco (a market share of 29.9% as of January 2012 according to BBC Business News), Sainsbury has had to work hard to stay in competition. Its persistency has been a key component to its contrivance in the industry and other ventures to which Sainsbury has embarked upon, namely, its banking venture (a 50/50 venture with Lloyds TSB) which commenced trading on the 19th day of February 1997 (Sainsbury Bank plc). The firm lost its position as market leader in the year of 1995 to its rival Tesco and subsequently dropped to third in market share after ASDA experienced a 5% rise in profits (BBC, Business News section). As at March 31 2012, Sainsbury’s has a total number of 440 convenience stores and 572 supermarkets which is currently due to increase (Sainsbury, Store Portfolio section). The question is, how much has its expansionary policy supported its profits whilst maintaining equilibrium with costs? Profitability Within this report, diligent focus will be shown to the financial year of 2010 and the final year of 2011 as the profitability, liquidity, efficiency, gearing ratios and working capital is examined. The profit from disposal of properties in 2010 was  £27m and  £108m in 2011 which shows a dramatic appreciation in profit when compared. Moreover, the company also showed an increase in combined profit from  £585m in 2010 to  £640m in 2011 (Sainsbury, Income Statement 2011 section). This shows that the company’s overall performance has improved over the course of 12 months by 9.4%. Further to the aforesaid points, the greater percentage of revenue was derived from the sale of products and services, standing in at  £22,943m in 2011 (Sainsbury, Income Statement 2011 section). This shows an increase in product purchases and an increase in market share (an increase of 16.1%, Telegraph, September 2011) leading to more sales, demonstrating that the firm’s strategy has worked for the financial year when compared to the sales of 2010 of  £21,421m (Sainsbury, Income Statement 2010 section). Return on Capital Employed can be defined as follows: â€Å"Return on capital employed is a fundamental measure of business performance as it compares the operating profit with the total capital used to generate that profit.† (Black, 2009, p.212). For Sainsbury, this figure was 11% in the financial year of 2010 and 11.1% in the year of 2011 (Sainsbury, Annual Report 2011 section). Such a minor change doesn’t manifest a huge degree of progress. In the annual report for 2011 p4, the company does give an account for this and state that growth was lower than the previous year due to the cumulative effect of its accelerated investment in space growth which started June 2009. The company also holds seventh place for volume market share in the clothing industry and now has clothing sales growing faster than food, 17% to be exact with year on-year growth (Sainsbury, Annual Report 2011 section). Celebrity fashion icon, Gok Wan has been a huge support in inciting growth of the TU brand by launching a clothing range at Sainsbury in 2011 which has been the main source of sales boost. (gok wan, Sainsbury TU section). In addition to the appreciation of sales, the cost of sales rose from  £19,964m in 2010 to  £21,102m in 2011. Prominent contributing factors towards the rise in costs are the variation in Fiscal policy (Sainsbury’s, Directors report 2011 section) which increased the rate of VAT from 17.5% to 20% on the 4th day of January 2011 (HM Revenue and Customs, 2011) along with the increase of the company’s workforce due to its addition of 1.5 million square feet of space from 2011-2012 (The Independent, news section). As the profitability of the organization is scrutinized, it is important to look deeper into what has resulted in an increase in profit from the year 2010 to 2011. From an economic perspective, the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee (hereinafter referred to as MPC) changed the discount rate to 0.5% on the 5th day of March 2009, positively influencing public spending and reducing the cost of borrowing (Bank of England, 2009). The concept upon the reduction in the cost of borrowing is that more customers have resorted to using credit to fund their purchases (According to a study conducted by Visa Vanquis, consumer spending on credit increased by 3% in September 2011 when compared with statistics for 2010). It is understood that the variation eluded to above has been of support to the company in its financial borrowing, enabling it to fund its expansion referred to in the above paragraph. The downside is that it has had a fundamental impact upon its banking venture namely, profits attained are not what they could be if the discount rate was higher, notwithstanding the fact that, the bank reported a 9% increase in profits in 2011 (This is money, news section) possibly due to the abovestated research on consumer spending. A higher base rate would mean higher priced loans leading to greater profits accrued (other factors being equal). Taking into consideration the above-mentioned point, the company had the opportunity to utilize the reduced interest rate in support of its expansion and other purchases to aid the loss of profit (due to low interest rates) from the sales of loans and credit cards. In criticism of the 0.5% base rate set by the MPC, Sainsbury’s Chief Executive stated it was the wrong decision to reduce it, the small businesses that supply Sainsbury were struggling to borrow and this of course had a substantial ripple effect upon the company’s financial performance (Daily Telegraph, news section). This gives a clear indication that the profit accumulated for 2011 could of been higher without the economic discontentment. It gives some direction to why the cost of sales were high due to the purchasing price of products from smaller businesses to which supply Sainsbury. Having analyzed the profitability of Sainsbury, its within good reason to compare this data with that of its main competition, namely, Tesco for which happens to be a pivotal comparison due to them standing within similar grounds in terms of business models and future company goals. Tesco UK gained  £56,910m in sales for the financial year 2010 and saw an increase for year 2011 with sales in at  £60,931m (Tesco, Annual Report 2011 section). There is a substantial difference in sales, however Tesco have 3,054 UK stores in comparison to Sainsbury’s combined 1,012 stores, in addition it has the greater market share (Tesco, storefinder section). Tesco’s Return on Capital Employed for 2010 stood at 12.1% and 12.9% for the financial year 2011 (Tesco, Annual Report 2011 section) and according to the directors report the company has set itself a target to increment this to 14.6% by 2014/15. This, together with its sales exhibits better performance than that of Sainsbury and epitomizes the comprehension to why the company holds the greatest share of the market. It shows clarity that Tesco did better with capital than that of Sainsbury, however Sainsbury used a large amount on expansion which the results of will be shown at a later date. Liquidity With liquidity being the second focal point, it is necessary to look at the credit facilities available to the organization in question. ‘Sainsbury has overall debt and credit facilities of  £3 billion at its disposal’, the principle element of Sainsbury’s core funding comprises of two long-term loans of  £1,069m due 2018 and  £840m due 2031, secured over property assets (Sainsbury Annual Report 2011). Further to the previous stated loans, the company has unsecured debt of  £180m and  £50m due between 2012 and 2015 along with  £190m of convertible bonds due July 2014 (Sainsbury Annual Report 2011). The Current Ratio for Sainsbury in the financial year of 2010 was 0.64 and 0.58 in the financial year 2011. A Current Ratio may be defined as a measure of an organization’s ability to pay its shortterm debts, ideally it should stand in at 2:1 (Atrill McAllen, 2008). The ratio for 2010 indicates that the company would be in a better position at paying off its obligations if they were due at that point in time. However due to the ratio for both years being under 1, it shows the company is not in a good position. Ironically however, having ascertained the available credit to the organization, this states otherwise. In comparison to its competition, Tesco had a current ratio of 0.73 in the financial year 2010 and 0.65 in the financial year 2011. This is somewhat similar with Sainsbury as there is only a gap of .2 in difference. Both companies figures look worrying, however the ability to turn stock into cash is another focal point to which will be later scrutinized. Having revisited the company’s balance sheet, its Net debt stood at  £1,549m in 2010 and  £1,814m in 2011 (an increase of  £265m). This difference quintessentially indicates that the company has been expanding over the course of a year. In the firm’s annual report for 2011 it shows the increment was due to rapid estate development (the addition of new Sainsbury Convenience stores) which was to an incontrovertible extent funded by the sale of leasebacks and advanced working capital (Sainsbury Annual Report 2011, p5). The appreciation in debt manifests the fact that Sainsbury hans’t cleared its existing debt, yet only continued to borrow more. Astonishingly however, the amount borrowed has been put to positive use in funding the expansion of the organization’s convenience stores. According to the Independent in March earlier this year, the company grew its market share of the convenience store market in 2011 with sales up 20% following the opening of 15 new stores. Further to the above-mentioned points, the company pursued further borrowing to enhance its profitability by expanding (proven to be a remunerative venture), enabling the firm to pay back its source of funding when required to do so. The idea of this long-term investment is that Sainsbury will gain a larger market share (forcing other less competitive companies to abdicate there share of the market) and increased profits both short and long-term. In criticism of the technique, the company should take into consideration the unforeseen changes in the market, namely demand for its products and services and of course future economic changes. How does it justify itself financially should there be a decrease in demand? The epitome lies with XL Airways, according to BBC News in 2008, the company hit financial discontentment after failing to secure further funding (up until that point it was in the process of expanding) due to unanticipated changes in the economy. Efficiency With regard to the organization’s efficiency, it is difficult to ascertain the overall effectiveness of performance without conducting in-depth research as it can be fairly arduous to gather enough data from ratio analysis. However, the business’s average inventory turnover (calculated by sales divided by inventories, Agyei-Boapeah, 2012) for the financial year 2010 was 30.5 (Sainsbury’s Income Statement 2010, p16), compared with 28.2 for the financial year 2011 (Sainsbury’s Income Statement 2011, p18) shows a minimal difference. The figures imply a poorer performance from the company in 2011, yet sales had subsequently increased in that year, furthermore, it was part of the organization’s goals to increment the sale of non food products which gives an account for the less frequent replacement of inventories (Sainsbury’s Income Statement 2011, p2; Sainsbury’s Annual Report 2011, notes 16). In order to gain a greater interpretation of the company’s efficiency its necessary to look at other ratios. Asset turnover (calculated by revenue divided by total assets, Agyei-Boapeah, 2012) for the financial year 2010 was 1.83 and 1.85 for the financial year 2011 (Sainsbury Group Income Statement 2011, p1). The higher the figure, the better. Having scrutinized these figures, it is clear to see a slight inclination in sales generated from assets for 2011. Although, the company has only seen a small contribution of profit accrued from the sale of assets. This may be understood by reviewing the firm’s growth policy once again and recalling that they have spent more on expanding and accumulating assets than selling assets (Sainsbury Annual Report 2011, p5). A comprehension of the above-mentioned points give clarity that the company’s management have conducted there duties efficiently. The prominence lies within sales performance and the ever growing multitude of stores to which the firm has within its ownership. The increased space exhibits a positive rate of expansion (15.9% according to Sainsbury Income Statement 2011, p2), furthermore, only a small percentage in change on the sale of assets and a lower inventory replacement. Further to the aforesaid point referring to replacement of inventories, it could be interpreted that as the firm sees a continuity of expansion, more goods are purchased through economies of scale (greater sized orders at lower prices, meaning less reordering) as is it the case that the company is introducing further non food products, namely televisions which aren’t everyday purchases. Yet of course it is likely to be the latter having previously identified company intentions (Sainsbury Annual Report 2011, p2). Finally it is prudent to take the ratios and compare them with that of Tesco. In the financial year of 2010, 20.8 was Tesco’s inventory turnover ratio and 19.2 in the financial year of 2011 (Tesco Annual Report 2011, p94). Again these figures represent an even poorer performance, but Tesco as do Sainsbury, sell a number of non food-products, 22% of sales are non-food products and the company is the UK’s largest non-food retailer (Tescopoly.org, Our Business section). Asset turnover for Tesco in the financial year of 2010 was 1.56 and 3.18 for the financial year 2011 (Tesco Annual Report 2011, p106). This shows some disparity in business efficiency and shows the company performed better in the year of 2011 when compared with 2010 and it also performed much better than Sainsbury (however it is mandatory to consider the company’s goals in comparison to that of Sainsbury). Asset Turnover comparison of Sainsbury with Tesco. Gearing Ratios The gearing ratios (Long-term liabilities) for Sainsbury on the 20th day of March 2010 were 32.86 compared with 30.79 on the 19th day of March 2011 (Telegraph shares, p1). This implies the company’s rate of borrowing to fund its activities was higher in the year of 2010 and as a result of the increase in profit for 2011 as eluded to above, activities were self-funded more often. The ratios referred to in the above paragraph doesn’t have the greatest of difference, meaning there was still a substantial amount funded by borrowed funds in 2011. A contribution to the high rate of borrowing is carefully examined by looking at the Office of National Statistics for 2010 and 2011. According to the Office of National Statistics, Consumer Price Index (hereinafter referred to as CPI) in the 12 months up to September 2010 saw a 5.2% increase in alcohol and tobacco products, a 5.1% increase in food and non-alcoholic beverages, 4.4% increase in communication and a 2.5% increase in other goods and services, including fuel (Office of National Statistics 2010/2011 Report, p1). Such increases may have caused customers to abstain from certain purchases or make less frequent purchases, this as a ripple effect would significantly impact upon the organization’s functioning. Ironically however, in 2011 CPI was at 5.2% in September, compared with 3.1% in September 2010 (Office of National Statistics 2011 Report, p1). A significant increase would anticipant further borrowing, yet this isn’t the case due to above-mentioned facts in this report. Sainsbury’s strategy to invest in expanding has given support to its profits for 2011 and enabled the business to reinvest these into its activities. This therefore negates the argument/concern over economic impact upon trading for 2011 and shows a return on investment when compared to company sales and profits with an amalgamated comparison of 2010/2011 financial performance (Sainsbury Income Statement 2011, p1-p5). Working Capital Management Moving on to the final focal point in this report, working capital. This is the measure of both a company’s efficiency and its short-term financial health (Agyei-bopeah, 2012). The working capital of the organization has seen a substantial increase in the financial year of 2011. The firm’s working capital increased by  £78m for 2011, which it states was primarily due to increased inventories which is  £110m higher than that at March 20th 2010 (Sainsbury Annual Report 2011, p1). An examination of ratios will help to ascertain the effectiveness of the firm’s working capital management, however it appeared difficult to derive this information from Tesco due to discrepancies to way in which data was laid out. Working Capital to Sales ratio can be calculated by taking working capital and dividing it by sales X 100 (Agyei-Bopeah, 2012). In the financial year of 2010 this figure was 1.5.7 and 1.2.8 for 2011. This manifests a less appreciated rate of performance for the year 2011, however the company did introduce a substantial number of non-food products. The company successfully managed to make cost savings of  £50m in the year 2011 (Sainsbury Interim Results 2011, p1). In an argument against this successful business practice, is it ethical for the company to pay farmers the minimal amount per gallon of milk to keep its customer want’s satisfied? Herein lies a problematic issue to which the organization faces in its ever growing desire to reduce costs. As a result it has led to pragmatism in critics of the firm’s fairtrade brand image and to what extent it coincides with the image. British farmers are forced to pay the price of supermarket price wars (The guardian, Saturday 2 July 2011, p48). With such concern over how much the firm should be saving on costs to attain a better position with working capital, it fails to take into consideration its ethos on fairtrade. It transpires to be the case that in order to make huge savings to support its growth in working capital, the company must continuously force its suppliers to drive the price of their products down as other factors change (cost of production, economic variations, energy/fuel prices and the cost of raw materials). On a more positive note, the company has managed to increase its working capital from the financial year of 2010 to 2011, this indicates positive changes in its business activity and demonstrates that it has good working capital management. As a result of the increase,  £12m in debt was paid off in the year of 2011. Yet as this section happens to coincide with efficiency, it epitomizes the effectiveness of the company strategy for 2011. Conclusion Sainsbury has set itself a fair number of targets to which are laid out in the company annual report for 2011. One being to increase space growth of 15% in two years set in the year of 2009 (Sainsbury Annual Report 2011, p1). The company exceeded this target percentage by .9% (Sainsbury Annual Report 2011, p1) which indicates its able to meet its targets, yet it also indicates more capital was spent on expanding and possibly more than it intended. As eluded to in the above sections, Sainsbury’s decision to rapidly expand has proven to be a remunerative venture and shown a slight increase in company profits for short-term comparisons between the financial years 2010 and 2011 where sales have grown by 9.4% (Sainsbury’s Income Statement 2011, p1). Such developments in the business will only give adequate comparisons after a greater interval enabling the researcher to comprehend as to how much the accelerated growth has had on the firm. In addition to the company’s growth in size it saw a huge appreciation in demand for its clothing brand, TU. It is understood that since fashion icon Gok Wan introduced a range of clothing, sales saw a growth of 17% as a year on year comparison for 2011 (Sainsbury’s Media, Latest Stories, p1). It is likely that this will continue to grow and complement the company’s expansion. Further to the above points, the liquidity ratios of the company are poor at this point in time which is due to accelerated growth (therefore negates the argument of poor performance). However when the firm finishes its expansion it is highly likely that the ratio will improve which is subject to no further large projects. Further to information ascertained from the company Annual Report of 2011, the company should be capable of repaying its loans as of there due dates thanks to its increased number of stores accumulating further profit. In addition to aforementioned points in the beginning of the conclusion, Sainsbury’s have five focus areas, great food at fair prices, accelerating the growth of complementary non-food ranges and services, reaching more customers through additional channels and growing supermarket space (Sainsbury’s Annual Report 2011, p3). Having already acknowledged the prosperity of its space growth, this also happens to coincide with its focus on reaching customers through additional channels as 37 new convenience stores were opened in the latter part of 2010 to the beginning of 2011 (Sainsbury’s Media, Latest Stores section). Since analyzing the company gearing ratios and how much it has in long-term debts, it is clear to see it could be a perilous problem for Sainsbury. The firm has made an audacious decision to invest in expanding in the hope for substantial returns in the not to distant future, yet this is not guaranteed income. If demand falls for the company’s products and services or there is a problem to which later impacts upon its brand image (the company is disproved to be a fairtrade retailer for example) the firm may find itself being liquidated if it is unable to repay the loans. Points eluded to in the above paragraph are a matter of deep concern to the organization and from research administered it doesn’t transpire to be the case that the firm has a contingency plan to support them with potential depreciation in demand. A contingency plan and in addition, a contingency fund is something to which Sainsbury should take into the highest of consideration should one not have already been devised (yet it is unlikely this would be the case). It will be of support to the firm in planning for unforeseen changes. References In this report the following sources were dwelled upon for guidance in ascertaining facts, extracting data and for the purpose of comparison. Books Atrill, P., McAllen, E. (2008) Accounting and Finance For Non-Specialists. Sixth edition. Prentice Hall. Harlow. Datta, S. (2011) Economics, Making sense of the modern economy. Third edition. Profile Books. London N, Gregory Mankiw. (2001) Principles of Economics. Second Edition. Harcourt College Publishers. Images James Blake (2012) Sainsbury Supermarket. [image online] Available at: http:// www.jbiwebdesign.co.uk/website-marketing/7-marketing-tips-we-can-learn-from-sainsburys [Accessed: 12 December 2012]. Lecture Notes Agyei-Boapeah, H (2012). Financial Statement Analysis 2. Lecture notes distributed in the topic BMAIE001AZ2012/3 Managing Finance. Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool on 02 November 2012. Agyei-Boapeah, H (2012). Working Capital Management 1. Lecture notes distributed in the topic BMAIE001AZ2012/3 Managing Finance. Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool on 09 November 2012. Agyei-Boapeah, H (2012). Working Capital Management 2. Lecture notes distributed in the topic BMAIE001AZ2012/3 Managing Finance. Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool on 16 November 2012. Websites BBC News (2004) Sainsbury Loses Out To Rivals. [ONLINE] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/ hi/business/3682544.stm [Accessed: 24 October 2012]. BBC News (2012) Tesco Market Share Dips Below 30%. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16817254 [Accessed: 18 October 2012]. BBC News (2008) Thousands Stranded By XL Collapse. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7611639.stm [Accessed: 21 October 2012]. Bank Of England (2009) Statistical Interactive Database Official Bank Rate History. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/boeapps/iadb/Repo.asp [Accessed: 19 October 2012]. Guardian (2011) British Farmers Forced To Pay The Cost Of Supermarket Price Wars. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jul/02/british-farmers-supermarketprice-wars [Accessed: 23 October 2012]. Gokwan (2011) Sainsbury Collection Press . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.gokwan.com/ goks-video-blog/sainsbury-collection-press-launch/ [Accessed: 23 October 2012]. iforex (2012) FTSE 100. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.iforex.com/ftse-100 [Accessed: 18 October 2012]. Independent (2012) Small Store Openings Boost Sainsburys Profits. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/small-store-openings-boost-sainsburysprofits-7579664.html [Accessed: 20 October 2012]. J Sainsbury (2012) About Us, Store Portfolio. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.jsainsbury.co.uk/about-us/store-portfolio/ [Accessed: 25 October 2012]. J Sainsbury (2011) Annual Report 2011. [ONLINE] Available at: http://annualreport2011.jsainsbury.co.uk/downloads/pdf/sainsburys_ar11_note_26_notes_to_the_cash_flow_statements.pdf [Accessed: 18 October 2012]. J Sainsbury (2011) Financial Statements, Annual Report, Balance Sheet. [ONLINE] Available at: http://annualreport2011.j-sainsbury.co.uk/financialstatements/balancesheets.shtml [Accessed: 18 October 2012]. J Sainsbury (2011) Financial Statements, Annual Report, Cashflow. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// annualreport2011.j-sainsbury.co.uk/financialstatements/cashflow.shtml [Accessed: 18 October 2012]. J Sainsbury (2011) Financial Statements, Financial Review. [ONLINE] Available

Business Plan For Early Intervention Education Essay

Business Plan For Early Intervention Education Essay The purpose of this paper is to show the need for early intervention for infants and toddler with Autism and Intellectual Disabilities. Kitkat the Educators program will prepare disabled students to excel at a young age, by teaching, training stimulating the mind to create an atmosphere to function outside of ones self. Kitkat is not like the competitors, this school will focus and offer advance communication skills (technology) to encourage speech, physical strength, academics, top of the line technology, after school tutorial, recreational, craft and dance. This disability has created a need for quality child care development and training to help children with Autism and Intellectual Disabilities to be successful in life. Also, the owner focuses on parent trainings, parents turn to for support, reassurance, and hope when faced with the uncertainty of their childs future. It is important for parent participation as long as their child receives services from the school. This program will focus on parents learning all techniques use in the classroom in the home, and community. History of Organization Kitkat is a privately held corporation run by its owner, Cathy Austin, who has 20 years of experience teaching students with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) and Autism (A). The owner is certified as special education teacher and highly qualified by the State of Georgia. The owner currently has a bachelor degree with a concentration in mentally retardation. Which is now known as intellectual disabilities? The owner will be supported in daily operations of the school by a consultant, a campus director and certified educators with experiences in the child care field. Intellectual disability (ID) is now more common amongst autistics than in the general population. Overview: According Ackerman, (2011) The increasing prevalence of Autism has been recognized as the fastest growing developmental disability in the nation, affecting one in 88 children. It is now the third most common childhood disorder, more common than Down syndrome and childhood diabetes combined. In turn, parents need to be informed of the assessment, treatment, and intervention resources available to help their children if diagnosed with autism. At the center of KitKat the Educator, we want to reassure parents that there is hope, and through our services, individuals will be able to maximize their potential. KitKat has established itself as the institution that parents turn to for support, reassurance, and hope when faced with the uncertainty of their childs future. We want to reassure parents that there is hope, and through our services, individuals will be able to maximize their potential. To most effectively meet the needs of children with autism and their families, KitKat the Educator has developed a training and education center scheduled to open in 2013. Ackerman states (2011) this new initiative will create a more timely early diagnosis screening for infants and toddlers who may be afflicted with Autism. A Licensed Clinical Psychologist (LCP) will be hired to meet the ever-growing demand for extensive evaluation, assessment, and treatment services. KitKat will work collaboratively with local service providers, and school systems, to create a progressive and comprehensive treatment facility to best serve childrens needs (Ackerman TACA, 2012). According to Berkell, Z. D. (1999), a Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Blueuler was the first to use the name Autism back in the early 1912s. The reason for early intervention today is to help Autistic children function much better in society (Berkell, 1999). In the 1940s, researchers in the United States began to use the term autism to describe children with emotional or social problems (Berkell, 1999). Kanner, Leo a doctor from Johns Hopkins University, used the word autism to describe the withdrawn behavior of several children he studied (Berkell, 1999). Also Han Asperger a scientist in Germany, identified a similar condition thats now called Aspergers syndrome Aylott, J (2011). According to Aylott, J (2011) Han Asperger found several types of autism: Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS)- Aspergers syndrome Rett syndrome Childhood disintegrative disorder How Is Autism Treated? Leo Kanner treatments for autism vary (Aylott, 2011) depending on the needs of the individual. Kanner, (2011) treatments fall into three categories: Behavioral and communication therapy Medical and dietary therapy Complementary therapy (music or art therapy, for example) The Owners Journey The journey as teacher did not begin immediately after college. Cathy Austins degree in special education B. S., as an Intellectual Disabilities (ID) and Autism (A) teacher for DeKalb County School District. The owner has 21 years of experience working with children with ID and Autism. The owner worked with Children diagnosed or identified with autism, cerebral palsy, Mental Retardation, intellectual impairment, physical impairments, learning disabilities and Down syndrome. The owner believes that providing structure and visual supports can help to alleviate problems that may arise. Thus, allowing individuals with disabilities to demonstrate to others their capabilities. Teaching is actually a second career for the owner; the owner worked in the health care in the as a nurses aide for 4 years. The owner was trying to run from the calling of God. On the job doing the daily routine the voice of God spoke and said this not what I told you to do! Then God said I told you to teach children with special needs. Limited with only being a nurses aide, the owner decided to apply for college to get a degree to teach. The owner was unemployed for five months and then got an opportunity to go to college and get a Bachelor Degree in Special Education (Mentally Retardation). The first teaching job was as a special education teacher for homebound. The owner wanted to do something to help and to make a difference in the lives of these young children. The Owner moved from homebound to teaching in the classroom started in 1991. The owners favorite project is walking for March of Dimes Autism, and Cerebral Palsy. What can you do to strengthen and improve the childs life? The Owner enjoys being involved in educating the community about our children and being an advocate to support the parent. The Owner always wanted to have a school for children with disabilities. Now I can see the dream happening more now than ever before. Kitkat is a childhood nickname. So the Owner decided to use kitkat as the name of the school. The teaching profession can be strengthened by additional parent-involvement. The students whose parents are involved and vigilant about seeking opportunities to further expand their childs learning and abilities are the most successful students. The art of learning does not occur solely within the confines of the classroom, but it includes life-lessons and cultural experiences. The parents who ensure they are providing these additional resources for their children help not only the child, but the teacher who can draw from these experiences to illustrate key points in the child and parent life. Philosophy The Owners philosophy of teaching is very simple. It is simply to go beyond the standards, improving inappropriate behavior and communication skills. One needs heart and compassion to teach and reach children with special needs. Having the desire to get to know the students and actually listen to them is a major part of learning. The students respond better when they know others care, and care enough to watch their patterns and identify the times when they are not themselves and need help beyond the lesson for the day. The Owners thoughts are what can one do to strengthen and improve one is to evolve as a teacher. Children are changing. Curriculum and techniques is changing. The world is changing, so for one to remain the same and not evolve with the changes of society and the people in it does not help children. The overall goal in education is to help children and in order to do that, one need to constantly reevaluate ones lessons, approach and delivery as a whole. As a teacher you learn so much from your peers, but one will continue to watch and learn from the students as well. It is honestly believed that one can make a difference in the life of a child, every day. My Career and Educational Experience B.S. Degree in Special Education MBA Degree in February 2013 2 + years Adult Workshop 2 years Georgia Regional (skilled area) children Intellectual Disabilities 3+ years supervisory experience of staff 20+ years teaching Intellectual Disabilities/Autism experience Past strategic choices- Through the DeKalb County School District, Clayton County Adult workshop, and Douglas county workshop my work experience are as follow: Homebound- providing service to disabled students not able to attend public school system due to medical and fragile situations. Clayton County Respite care to children with Intellectual disabilities. Parent Conference meeting with parent for concerns and information Atlanta Group Home for Jewish Down Syndrome adults. Current Position in the Market Location of Business The future home for the business will be 748 Flat Shoal Road, Decatur, Georgia. This business will start in the old Y building on Candler road and my pursuit for a loan of $300,000.00 for the building. This building is in the heart of the business district of Candler Road. It is one mile from Flat Shoal Elementary School. The Owner will offer after school program to disabled and non-disabled school aged children. Some of the best years in life are the time spent as a child and later our adult yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. As working adults in a fast paced society, we sometimes forget just how precious and fleeting those years are. With that in mind, imagine an alternative to traditional infant, day and after school care that not only met your child care needs, but also provided an activity based learning environment that mirrors those used at public schools. Professional care givers with the credentials to not only enhance your childs early social and motor skills, but to also teach them advanced studies in the arts and academics found at institutions of higher learning. A curriculum based curriculum tailored specifically for children, taught in a fun, nurturing care giving environment. Now imagine this at a cost less than that of the combination of conventional training services and specific interest based children programs. Kitkat the Educator is an early intervention comprehensive developmental and educational program, exclusively for children with Intellectual Disabilities and Autism, ages new born to 7 years old. The school dedicates its efforts and resources toward ensuring top rated care giving services coupled with a high quality activity based learning environment tailored for children in these age groups. The school will respond to the needs of its parents and students with excellent care giving and instruction an advanced curriculum, flexible programs, local community involvement and business partnerships. The Kitkat School has a strong commitment to accessibility and diversity. Its open door policy embraces all who desire to provide a better quality of care, preparedness and education for their children. The school works to provide affordable, first clas s care giving and education by providing a broad range of integrated programs and services and innovative learning approaches. The school is committed to taking a leadership role in child care services, higher learning, community services and promoting cultural diversity. Kit Kat directs its activities towards student success. Campus Direction Sign Campus Office Classroom Recreational building Keys to Success The keys to success for chitchat are: Marketing: differentiating care giving and education and interest activity programs. Service quality: care giving and educational programs provided by degreed and certified educators, child care workers, tutors and technology. Reputation: maintaining a highly regarded reputation for excellence in care giving, education and community involvement and being the employer of choice in our market for child and educational talent. Profitability: controlling costs and managing budgets in accordance with company goals, adhering to strategic business plans for growth and experience and reinvesting in the business and its employees. Start up Summary: As I pursue investor to invest into kitkat business, the first location may start in my home. As the number of children increase and the fund are available then the Shoal road facility will be a dream comes true. Reaching into some of my retirement money, it is possible to use funds from my 401to start the business in my home. The school founder and president, Cathy Austin, will oversee fiscal responsibility, employing an CPA for financial oversight. A campus Director will be hired to handle day to day operations and will work collaboratively with the silent partners and other campus personnel to ensure a successful business venture. As reflected in the table below, the estimated startup cost for kitkat will be $39,450. These costs will be financed solely by the owners personal cash funds and optional credit lines. An anticipated $60,000 SBA guaranteed 5 year loan will be used as working capital. Future expansion, growth and franchising strategy will be self financed. Start Summary Utilities 300.00 Legal 2000.00 Furniture 6000.00 Toys 2000.00 Playground Fence 500.00 Rent 0 Brochures 350.00 Business printing paper 300.00 Insurance 3000.00 1 Teacher Assistance 2000.00 Built one room on house 5,490.00 Student supply 2000.00 Lab tops (4 to 5) 1250.00 Food 5000.00 Recreation equipment 5000.00 Total $35,190.00 Enrollment will be at least six children per quarter: First quarter expecting 6 children Second quarter 6 more children Third quarter 6 more children Fourth quarter 6 more children Total of 24 children As the children increase then staff will increase to help teach in a small group to focus more 1 to 4 children in a classroom. Objectives By the end of Year 2 expect sales increasing almost double. By the end of Year 1 maintain a high raw gross margin. By the end of Year1 expected to open second campus. By the end of Year 3 will attempt to franchise. Pricing Strategies Kitkat must charge appropriately for the high-end, high-quality educational and care giving services we offer. Our revenue structure has to support our cost structure, so the salaries we pay to assure quality services must be balanced by the revenue we charge. We will be price competitive in the market we serve; however, we will not subscribe to the low price leader concept. The quality of our service will support the prices we charge. Affordable Price The price for service for each child is $350.00 weekly, paying in advance by check, cash or money order. The payment policy is expected to be followed and payment is due on every Friday. Promotion Community Involvement Educational Curriculum Support Service Behavior Specialist, Occupational/Speech/Physical Therapist, Autism Specialist, Employment policy and Procedures, Job description, Safety fire, Recruitment and training Open House Tornado drills The type of services that will be offered: Full time child care Part-time/After school activities After school Tutoring Parent training and support Homebound Service Vision Statement: To enhance the life of the disabled child in socially, emotionally, academically, recreational and physically. Mission Statement: The act of learning should not occur solely within the confines of the classroom, but includes life lesson and cultural experiences. The overall goal in educating is to help disable children improve and progress socially, emotionally and communicating. One must learn to make a difference in the life of a child every day. to teach the parents increase data driven teach and reach a child to teach the child the curriculum based activity External Threats: the economy condition can be threat to profit (state funds to children with disabilities) competitors can be a threat global move External Opportunities in the community for exposure and direct mail campaigns Community Involvement Advertisement Direct mail Sales Brochures Open House Internal Strengths and Weaknesses SWOT Strengths Weaknesses Top of the line Curriculum and Training Trained/Certified Staff Small class session Required Parent training and support groups Quality care and service Not enough funds Right location Get the right people on the bus Someone stealing your idea Advertisement Community involvement Open house Direct mail Sale Brochure Parents State License and approval Economic conditions competitor Opportunities Threats Expense Table Expenses Expected Monthly Cost Expected Yearly Cost Rent Salaries and wages Supplies: Technological, Equipment, furniture, computers, software, copy machine, desks, chair, etc.) and other Advertisement and other promotions Utilities, Heat, Electricity, etc. Telephone and Internet Insurance Other (specify) Other (specify) Expected Revenue June July August Sept. Oct. Dec. Yearly Revenue (Sale) Category 1 Category 2 Total Revenue (Sales) Cost of Goods Sold Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Factor Weight Rating Extended Strengths Well known for quality reliable service 0.16 4 0.64 Low turnovers provides continuity customer knowledge 0.07 3 0.21 Represent a full line of top quality component manufacturers 0.15 4 0.60 Strong balance sheet with very little debt 0.11 3 0.33 Almost 60% of customers come from referrals 0.13 4 0.52 Weaknesses Strictly a local company 0.05 2 0.10 Unknown to the general public 0.02 2 0.04 Use distributors for parts purchases, incurring higher cost 0.08 2 0.16 Provide many benefits to employees that raise coat 0.13 1 0.13 Less than 5% if customers buy service contrasts 0.10 1 0.10 Total 1.00 2.83 Company Summary Kitkat first school will be located North Druid Hill, Atlanta. The school will employ six fundamentals that will serve as the driving force for the services offered. Premier care giving services An activity based, children structured curriculum Advanced technology and developmental programs Continuing education mentoring and tutoring Learning services Community advancement and involvement Company Ownership Company Ownership Kitkat developmental and training school is a privately held proprietorship owned in majority by its founder. There are also two silent partners, neither of whom own more than 10%, but will be active participants in daily operations, management decisions and consulting though they do not own a financial stake in the company. Once the operation reaches its anticipated growth and profitability goals, the school plans to franchise and will register as a limited liability company or as a corporation, whichever will better suit the future business needs. Services KitKat training school offers quality child care services and a curriculum based designed for kids new born to 7 years old and pre-k to second grade. Normal operating hours will be 6:45am to 6:30pm. Hours of operation are Monday through Friday with observance of all major legal holidays. Early drop off service will be offered as needed. KK exists to provide premier child care services that are aimed at enhancing traditional day care methodologies and integrating extracurricular interests (such as arts and crafts, gymnastics) into one comprehensive program. Our activity based curriculum is specifically tailored for children. We offer state of the art technology programs in leading edge facilities which help prepare students through main school homework assignments and provide a base of understanding and interaction to ensure success in future educational endeavors. Finally, our developmental program reinforces basic social, listening, independence and motor skills and prepares studen ts for future related interaction. All of our learning and child care services employ technology, partnerships, professional services and other activities that support and promote higher learning. In addition to the extensive services and curriculum offered, each campus will also offer weekend specialty classes for children and adults and planned family activities in the community it serves. KK will also offer children birthday party hosting services, providing great activities for kids and an easy experience for parents. Activity instructors will be assigned for these events and will lead the activities, ensuring a memorable celebration Services Description Upon its opening, Kitkat Developmental and training services will offer four basic services in the Atlanta area: Full time child care Part-time/After school activities After school Tutoring Prior to opening, the school will have a two month enrollment drive. Based on the market reaction to the drive, these services may be altered to meet the needs of the community. The school will always remain nimble enough to respond to the needs of the community in which it serves. Support Service Offered Early Intervention starts with a committee meeting to determine what services a child may need. The team will take the time to evaluate child to see if they need any of the following listed below: Psychologist the referral for a psychologist is to obtain a current intellectual functional level of the child. During this process a parent questionnaire must be complete by the parents. This is for background information; the childs birth, prenatal development, weight at birth, complications at birth; medical history such as; asthma or food allergies; and behavior. The types of testing instruments the psychologist use for evaluation is: Brigance Inventory of Early Development this instrument test self-care, gross motor, cognitive/social, communication, perceptual/fine motor and this instrument checks the age equivalent in years and months of a child. Assessment of Intellectual Functioning- the purpose of the evaluation is provided and estimation of the childs intellectual ability as a comparison against actual academic achievement. Determining cognitive strengths and weaknesses also helps to evaluate learning potential and guide recommendations for the use of specific instructional strategies and intervention techniques. Stanford-Binet Intelligence scales: Fifth Edition (SB: 5) is an intelligence measure that consists of nonverbal and verbal tasks that assess skill in five domains. The SB: 5 yield composite scores in each of these domains as well as a nonverbal Intelligence Quotient (NVIQ), a verbal intelligence Quotient (VIQ) and a Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) that represents an estimate of the childs overall level of functioning. Speech therapy When a child who needs speech therapy received speech in the early stages to promote your childs development, it is a support system not only for the child, but also for the family, and finally it gives your child the abilities to become a functional member of society. Development Research has shown us that most of a childs learning and development happens in the pre-school years, which is why the timing of intervention is so important. All children have what we call stages of readiness to learn, and if you miss these stages, your child may have difficulty in learning particular skills later on. Support system This is extremely important for any family with a special needs child. We have a lot to cope with in the early days, after a diagnosis, disappointment, frustration and helplessness. Many families of handicapped children also have to deal with divorce and some degree of social isolation. Thats why stepping in early can definitely give your family the tools to h ave a better attitude within the family and towards the special needs child. Your therapists can provide you with information and skills to teach and help your child t best of your abilities, thereby relieving a lot of stress and feelings of helplessness. Take advantage of friends and family who offer to help, you need to take time out, you are after all more than just a mother and a wife. Society We would all like our children to become functional and contributing members of society, so start implementing the skills your child needs to do this, as early as possible. Become involved in your childs treatment, and implement all the skills that your therapist suggests to improve their overall communication skills. The speech teacher works with the child; to assist the child in developing the ability to understand basic concepts, when shown two pictures, the child will understand the difference between the two concepts; to assist the child in identifying pictures describing basic concepts; to understand the concept of sequencing with 10%, 20% etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦; the child will begin to understand sounds, temporal sequencing; the child will develop the ability to make sound, position lips, and tongue; assist the child in matching and sorting pictures with association relationship; Expressive Language-increase expressive language skills that are needed to facilitate effective daily communications; to produce his own name; name body parts; imitate sounds, intonations and words; name common objects and pictures of objects; assist the child in expressing needs through words; use eye to face contact when speaking needs through words; decrease echolalia and preservation speech; develop self confidence in verbal encounters; develop volume that is appropriate to the listeners need; participate in group activities that involve turn-taking and observation of rules; develop reasoning in cause and effect relationships; identify the object described when presented aloud with the definition; carry on a conversation in a socially appropriate manner; tell about recent and past experience; to correctly produce one-word utterances; name object and person; say words to call attention to an object; say two words to indicate the recurrence of an object; say two or more word utterance which contain an adjective and a n oun; say two or more words to show disappearance of an object; say two or more words to show emotion; use verbs appropriately; name pictured verbs; described actions performed by himself/herself; describe actions performed by others; use categories and association appropriately; name member of the category when presented with the category title; imitate the model as they point to peers possession; respond orally with the correct possessive form in short phrases as the speech teacher points to peers; respond to wh questions; answer what, who, where, when, why, and which, questions; Competitive Comparison The child care industry as a whole is saturated. However, based on US Census 2000 data, DeKalb County child care services provider listing is growing and has few licensed developmental and training centers for disabled children. Kitkat School intends to fill this local market need. In the Atlanta area North Druid Hills subdivisions mostly have retired resident homes respectively (Margret Harris Comprehensive school). There is only one other developmental facility in the North Druid Hills neighborhood. This one is on knob Dr. There is also three family child caregivers listed in the area, but none in the immediate community. Kitkat will differentiate itself from its local competitors by offering an alternative to these traditional day care approaches. The kitkat school market strategy is based on providing an activity based learning environment that is used in many major public schools. We will offer the community of professional caregivers with the credentials to not only enhances a childs early social and motor skills, but to also teach them advanced studies in cognitive and social skills. Technology Since the school founder has an extensive information Technology background, its only natural that Kitkats school will employ and maintain the latest technology to enhance its curriculum, office management systems, payment processing and record keeping. Marketing Analysis Summary Kitkats developmental and training program offers services which are vitally important in todays fast paced, dual-income world. As an increasing number of families have become dependent on one income, the need for quality child care has skyrocketed. According to Atlanta Business Statistics, 84.6% of licensed child care facilities succeed and make a profit in their 1st year of operation. Nationally, this number is 66.7%. There is no doubt, in the North Druid Hills area, that there is room and a need for a school for disabled children. Market demographics to support this statement can be found below. Target Market Segment Strategy The target market for Kitkat is full-time workers. Referral marketing, direct-mail campaigns and Referral marketing, direct mail campaigns and community activity days will be the primary types Of marketing strategies utilized. Maintaining and enhancing its reputation with families and in the community will be crucial in obtaining the planned market share growth of this target market. Market Segmentation Kitkat has a focus on meeting the local community need for child care services within the 5 mile radius of downtown Atlanta. Students will taken in flexible on either a full time or part- time basis. Full-Time Worker The school will establish a significantly large, full-time, regular client

Accurate Drainage Network Extraction From Satellite Imagery

Accurate Drainage Network Extraction From Satellite Imagery Ferdousi Khatun 1, Pratikshya Sharma1 Computer Science and Engineering Department, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology Majhitar, Sikkim Abstract. The extraction of the drainage hydrographical network is a key for various types of study such as hydrological analysis, geomorphology, environmental science, terrain analysis and still a research topic in the field of GIS. Drainage network are extracted through satellite image (e.g. Digital Elevation Model (DEM)) processing, contour map processing and raster map processing. Due to the advances in satellite imagery high resolution DEM are captured by many satellite recently. The DEMs is advantageous over toposheet because it provide consistent data with global coverage. Accurate drainage extraction from DEMs is used for hydrological analysis, morphometric analysis, terrain analysis and many other area as DEM provide the fastest path to extract feature. This paper provides the evolution of satellite imagery and accurate drainage network extraction process for various application namely geomorphometric analysis, hydrologic analysis, terrain analysis etc. also describe the ste ps involved to extract drainage stream network from DEM an up-to-date process. Keywords: DEM, ASTER-GDEM, SRTM, Cartosat 1 DEM 1 Introduction Water is the main and most important component on earth surface and drainage pattern is the essential hydrologic, geomorphologic element for analysis. Drainage pattern is a network that is generally formed by the waterbodies, lakes, streams, and rivers in a particular drainage basin which is also known as drainage system or river system. It has many application area like hydrologic modelling of micro watershed, groundwater prospect zone mapping, geomorphometric parameter analysis, water resource planning and management, flood hazard prediction and mitigation, river pattern change detection ,irrigation management etc. field. But drainage pattern extraction on flat surface and less complex terrain is still in research topic. The traditional process of generating the drainage map is from toposheet or contour map that depict the large scale detail of a geographic space. Generally it contains five layer of information, river and waterbody as blue color, road as red, forest as green, conto ur as brown and a black color for text feature. However, channel networks extraction from topo maps require tedious time, and cartography expert needed to provide subjective decision. In brief the steps to extract drainage from contour map is aerial element removal, linear element extraction to produce linear feature map, thinning, dilation, color segmentation and generate segmented layer map [1]. But generation of separate layer map has a limitation it will only work on digital contour map or historical map or high quality toposheet because poor quality toposheet suffer from false color aliasing and mixed color problem. Also available toposheet are old publication 10-20 years back. River pattern also change their position in some places due to landslide, flood or many natural phenomenas thus accurate drainage network is not provided by toposheet [2]. The satellites are capable of producing advanced digital elevation data(e.g., Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission -SRTM-, Interferometr ic Synthetic Aperture Radar for Elevation -IFSARE-) , Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model(ASTER GDEM V2), Cartosat -1 (Cartosat DEM 1.0), Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) etc. so analysis became easier. Early satellite technology does not able to capture the DEM directly so for hydrologic and geomorphologic analysis DEM was generated from various satellite like QUICK BIRD,IKONOS, Landsat tm etc.[3].The most widely used satellite imagery ASTER-GDEM,SRTM-DEM etc. are freely provided by USGS(http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) site with 1,3 arc second spatial resolution and Cartosat-DEM is provided by ISRO(http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/bhuvan_links.php) and used for analyzing the data for various study. The above mention satellite has their specific configuration and suitable for either mountain area, flat surface, medium complex terrain area for accurate river network extraction. The accuracy of ASTER GDEM SRTM -DEM and is almost same [4] . In some cases Cartosat 1 DEM better sound than SRTM DEM for extracting drainage. DEMs with higher resolution provide detailed drainage networks that has greater impact on the drainage map analysis as statistical values become lower when resolution of DEM changes from fine to rude [5]. 1.1 Evaluation of Satellite Imagery for Drainage Extraction DEM plays a crucial role for generating drainage network. In past years the DEMs were available at a global coverage in a 1 KM resolution like GTOPO-30(Global Topography in 30 arc sec).After that Shuttle SRTM ,version 4,C-band DEM of 90m resolution and the ASTER (version 2, 30 m resolution) was launched that provide better resolution which solves the problem regarding spatial resolution. The hydrology analysis became easier in INDIA after launch of Cartosat DEM (version 1) at 30 m in 2011.These data are openly accessible and easily downloaded from USGS and ISRO website. Various purchased stereo-images from Cartosat 1,landsat 7 ETM+,QuickBird,IKONOS,SPOT,SAR are used for generating the DEM using software and can be applied for hydrologic analysis[6],[7],[8],[9][10].Lot of studies is going on hydrological analysis and geomorphometric analysis from DEMs. In India most research is done best on DEM for river basin analysis, estimation of soil loss, water resource evaluation and topographi c characterization[11],[12],[13],[14].The high resolution DEMs provide finer extraction of land surface component like drainage network, slope facets and higher accuracy than a toposheet.The morphometric parameter are heavily depend upon the scale of the feature extrcated.Research is going on which satellite provided imagery is relevant for accurately extract the stream network in various surface area like mountain, flat surface, less complex terrain area.In some cases SRTM is very good for drainage analysis[15],[16]. For accuracy assessment the complete elevation criterion is more focused and less importance given to how the various morphometric variables that are derived, vary from one dataset to the other, as well as how their prepared maps differ. 1.2 Importance of Drainage Network in GIS Drainage means the deportation of surplus water from a given place. In geomorphology and hydrology a Drainage pattern is a network that is generally formed by the waterbodies, lakes, streams, and rivers in a particular drainage basin. They are depend on topography of the land. The shape, size, number of the drainage basins found in an area vary with the topography. A drainage system are of six different type namely Dendritic Drainage, Parallel Drainage, Trellis Drainage, Radial Drainage, and Rectangular Drainage and Deranged Drainage. In hydrological studies, geomorphological analysis DEMs are primary element for catchment boundary, delineation of watershed boundary, estimation of various catchment parameters such as slope, contours, aspects, etc. and morphometric attribute like no of tributaries, stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, relief ratio etc. By examining various hydrological and morphological parameter the irrigation management department supply water in dry weat her for agriculture crop production, water resource management department, flood hazard zone prediction and mitigation department, drainage management department are being very beneficial in recent year. 1.3 Review of Drainage Extraction Methods The mesh network of attached stream pertaining to a land is the river pattern or drainage pattern. These network formation is mainly depend on the morphological aspect of the terrain i.e. slope, varied resistance of rocks and geology and topology of the land. When a DEM is consider for drainage network extraction, the main steps are (1)fill depression,(2)flow direction,(3)flow accumulation and (4)stream network generation. A DEM is the representation of land elevation in digital form that are mainly stored as a rectangular matrix with integer or floating-point values. Among various algorithm the DEM pixels computation is based on D8 method that is first introduced by OCallaghan and Mark (1984)[17].But this algorithm has some derelictions. As per D8 algorithm single flow direction is calculated by comparing the elevation of its 8 neighboring cells where the cells with higher elevations flow towards adjacent cells with lower elevation as the water flow from high elevation to low due to gravity. However parallel flow lines generation in flat areas is the restriction of formation of concentrated channel flow and is a vital limitation of D8 method. The most important problem while delineating stream network using DEM is the presence of sinks, for flat area and depressions it is difficult to set the ends of stream network and the flow direction assignment in individual cells. Thus for accurate extraction the sinks are removed from DEM in the first step. In 1988 an new developed algorithm is introduced by Jensen and Domingue to remove the sinks prior to the flow directions calculation by increasing the elevation value of nodes within each depression pixel to the level of the lowest node on the depression boundary. Next A new method to calculate the upslope areas using rectangular grid DEM and representation of flow directions is introduced known as D-infinity where the direction of flow is not restricted to check its 8 adjacent cells[18].Some research is also done based on multipath flow direction but it is time consuming and more manual effort required for calculation[19][20].To improve the existing method a path based methods to resolve the nondispersive drainage flow direction in grid based DEM is introduced. It improved the D8 a few extent but fails to eliminate local level bias [21]. Over the past 20 years, many improved method based on routing flow through pits and flats have been introduced. The technology developed and the drainage is extracted bas ed on heuristic information. An innovative algorithm is presented by W. Yang and co -authors in 2010 based on heuristic information that accurate extract the drainage network but fails to detect unrealistic parallel drainage lines, unreal drainage lines and spurious terrain features and has a closer match with the existing pattern [22]. More recently in 2012 Mr.Magalhaes have proposed a very simple and innovative approach where the DEM is considered as island and the outside water level raises step by step until the whole DEM is submerged. So gradually it flood the cells of the DEM, next filling the depression and spread it on flat to flow towards a neighbor if that neighbor has a assigned direction of flow that does not point back to the early visited cell. In such manner, the flow direction assignments grow iteratively into flat surfaces from areas. After that flow direction is calculated and accumulation flow is generated that is the final step of stream network generation or dra inage network computation [23].In 2013 a flooding algorithm is proposed by Antonio et.al to extract the drainage on flat surface and able to works on unprocessed DEMs avoiding the problems caused by flats and pits, able to extract watercourses with a width greater than one cell and identify fluvial landforms such as marshes, lakes or river islands that are not directly managed by most of previous solutions[24]. 1.4 Literature Survey Research is going on which satellite imagery provide the accurate result for drainage extraction. DEMs provide us a digital representation of the continuous land surface. Advanced remote sensing technologies (e.g. SRTM, ASTER-GDEM, Cartosat 1.DEM etc.) are capable of generating new elevation data and freely availbale.High resolution DEM provide accurate drainage extraction. During past 20 years many satellite generated imagery is used to extract the drainage pattern and examined on various terrain like mountain area, medium complex terrain and flat surface. But the accurate extraction which is very essential for hydrologic and morphological analysis is still lacking some feature.Gajalakshmi K. and Anantharama V. recently analyses the accuracy between Cartosat 1 DEM and SRTM DEM.As per experiment in gradually undulating terrain, elevation values of Cartosat-DEM are lower than SRTM-DEM. whereas the stream parameter values of Cartosat-DEM are higher than SRTM-DEM[25]. Sarra Ouerghi et.a l. comparers the ASTER-GDEM and SRTM DEM for drainage extraction. The analysis found that ASTER GDEM is more pronounced in flat and less complex terrain [26]. Sample drainage network represented in fig 1.4. Fig 1.4. Stream networks derived from Topo DEM, ASTER GDEM, and SRTM [26] Table 1. Summary of Survey SL No Title Description Remarks 1 Water Body Detection and Delineation with Landsat 5 TM Data. Landsat 5 TM + imagery used to map river line waterbody and compared with Aerial image. Manual classification of Landsat imagery and Aerial imagery. Error in image registration occur. 2 DSM generation and evaluation from QuickBird stereo imagery with 3D physical modeling. QuickBird stereo imagery is used for generating the DEM and 5m contour generation and drainage pattern extraction. Manual process to prepare DEM Automatic extraction missing. Resolution high but time consuming process. 3 Cartosat-1 derived DEM (CartoDEM)towards Parameter Estimation of Microwatershed and Comparison with ALTM DEM. Cartosat-1 and ALTM DEM is compared for drainage pattern extraction and Microwatersheds parameter analysis in MadhyaPrades. Suitable for Mountain area but not suitable for plain area.Saveral steps required to process the DEM and extract the data. 4 Assessment of extraction drainage pattern from topographic maps based on photogrammetry Aerial Image and four toposheet is processed for drainage mapping and compare the both. Satellite imagery accurately extract drainage, some drainage is missing in toposheet. Several image processing steps required to extract pattern from satellite image. 5 A GIS based approach in drainage morphometric analysis of Kanhar River Basin, India. ASTER-DEM,Landsat ETM+,SOI toposheet for morphometric analysis All morphometric parameter has not been introduced. 2. Conclusion The extraction of drainage networks can be done form of contour map, raster map or DEMs.The satellite provided DEMs are very efficient to extract the drainage network in all terrain because the satellite gives the up-to-date changes happen on earth surface like change position of river network, new waterbody etc. feature is capture via highly sensitive sensor present in satellite. Thus less time required to extract the pattern from satellite provided DEM.Survey found that automatic extraction is accurately extract the pattern rather than topographic map with less error. The Cartosat 1 DEM is very useful for mountain area, SRTM and ASTER-GDEM is suitable for medium and flat surface where terrain is less complex. References: Tiange Liu Qiguang Miao Pengfei Xu Jianfeng Song Yining Quan. : Color topographical map segmentation Algorithm based on linear element eatures. Springer Journal,Multimedia Tools and Application, Volume 75, Issue 10, (2016)5417-5438 Samih B. Al Rawashdeh. : Assessment of extraction drainage pattern from topographic maps based on photogrammetry. Springer, Arabian Journal of Geosciences , Volume 6, Issue 12, (2013) 4873-4880 T. Toutin. : DSM generation and evaluation from QuickBird stereo imagery with 3D physical modelling. International Journal of Remote Sensing, VOL. 25, NO. 22, (2004)5181-5193 Sarra Ouerghi, Ranya Fadlalla Abdalla ELsheikh, Hammadi Achour, Samir Bouazi : Evaluation and Validation of Recent Freely-Available ASTER-GDEM V.2, SRTM V.4.1 and the DEM Derived from Topographical Map over SW Grombalia (Test Area) in North East of Tunisia. Springer Paper, Journal of Geographic Information System, 7, (2015) 266-279 Gajalakshmi K. and Anantharama V. : Comparative Study of Cartosat-DEM and SRTM-DEM on Elevation Data and Terrain Elements. Cloud Publications International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS. 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Kale VS, Shejwalkar N.: Western Ghat escarpment evolution in the Deccan Basalt Province: geomorphic observations based on DEM analysis. J Geol Soc India 70 (2007)459-473. Sreedevi PD, Owais S, Khan HH, Ahmed S.: Morphometric analysis of a watershed of South India using SRTM Data and GIS. J Geol Soc India 73 (2009) 543-552 Ghosh P, Sinha S, Misra A.: Morphometric properties of the trans-Himalayan river catchments: clues towards a relative chronology of orogenwide drainage integration. Geomorphology 233 (2015) 127-141 Gorokhovich Y, Voustianiouk A.: Accuracy assessment of the processed- SRTM based elevation data by CGIAR using field data from USA and Thailand and its relation to the terrain characteristics. Remote Sens Environ 104 (2006) 409-415 Weydahl DJ, Sagstuen J, Dick OB, Ronning H.: SRTM DEM accuracy over vegetated areas in Norway. Int J Remote Sens 28(16) (2007) 3513-3527 OCallaghan J, Mark DM.: The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Compute Vis Graph Image Process 28(3) (1984) 323-344 David G. Tarboron.: A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models, WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 33, NO. 2, (1997) 309-319 Zhang Yu, Liu Yong-xue, Chen Zhen-jie. : Multi-flow direction algorithms for extraction drainage network based on digital elevation model. Geospatial Information Science, 6753(2B) (2007) 1-9 Tarboton D G. : A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models [J]. Water Resources Research, , 33(2) (1997) 309-319 Orlandini S, Moretti G, Franchini M, Aldighieri B, Testa B. : Path- based methods for the determination of nondispersive drainage directions in grid-based digital elevation models. Water Resour Res 39(6) (2003) W. Yang1,2, K. Hou1,3, F. Yu2 , Z. Liu4 , and T. Sun1. : A novel algorithm with heuristic information for extracting drainage networks from raster DEMs, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 7, (2010) 441-459 Magalhaes, S.V.G., Andrade, M.V.A., Franklin, W.R., Pena, G.C. : A new method for computing the drainage network based on raising the level of an ocean surrounding the terrain, in: Proceedings of 15th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Avignon (France), (2012) 391-407 Antonio Rueda , Josà © M. Noguera , Carmen Martà ­nez-Cruz.: A flooding algorithm for extracting drainage networks from unprocessed digital elevation models. Computers Geosciences Volume 59, (2013) 116-123 Gajalakshmi K. and Anantharama V.: Comparative Study of Cartosat-DEM and SRTM-DEM on Elevation Data and Terrain Elements. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, Volume 4, Issue 1, (2015) 1361-1366 Sarra Ouerghi, Ranya Fadlalla Abdalla ELsheikh, Hammadi Achour, Samir Bouazi.: Evaluation and Validation of Recent Freely-Available ASTER-GDEM V.2, SRTM V.4.1 and the DEM Derived from Topographical Map over SW Grombalia (Test Area) in North East of Tunisia.Journal of Geographic Information System, 7, (2015) 266-279